Vrf_^  y^*f^^^f^^ 


GIFT  OF 


0 


RECOMMENDATIONS. 

CtTicinnati,  1838. 
We  have  thoroughly  examined  a  work  recently  published  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Colt,  upon  Double  Entry  Book-keeping,  and  feel 
DO  hesitation  in  saying  it  is  the  best  work  we  have  ever  examined.  The  classification  he  has  given  in  illustrating  the 
accounts  which  form  the  science,  we  think  will  be  of  material  advantage  to  the  people,  by  being  instructed  from  this 
method  over  the  old  and  common  plan.  His  Key,  which  explains  the  entries,  and  his  forms  lor  keeping  books,  &c., 
{which  we  do  not  recollect  seeing  published  before,)  form  a  moat  useful  acquisition  to  the  science.  We  cordially  recom- 
mend the  work  to  our  friends  and  the  pubUc.  JAMES  M.  <fc  SAMUEL  BROADVVELI,. 


Cincinnati,  1838. 
T  have  examined  with  considerable  attention  Mr.  Colt's  Treatise  on  Book-Keeping,  arid  regard  it  as  a  valuable  work.    It 
Is,  in  many  respects,  superior  to  the  treatises  in  common  use,  and  is  well  calculated  to  give  the  learner  a  knowledge  ot 
the  modern  and  most  approved  method  of  keeping  accoimts.  JOSEPH  RAY,  A.  M. 

Professor  op  Mathematics,  and 
Teacher  op  Book-Keeping  at  Woodward  ColIiEsb. 


J.  C.  Colt,  Esq.,  Bank  of  the  United  States,  Philadelphia,  1838. 

Dear  Sir, — I  have  examined  your  treatise  on  Book-Keeping,  and  take  pleasure  in  recommending  it  as  an  acquisitioa 
to  the  science  of  which  it  treats.  The  great  variety  of  forms  embodied  m  it,  and  its  minute  explanations  of  details,  will 
render  it  an  useful  assistant  not  only  to  the  learner,  but  also  to  the  more  experienced.    I  am,  very  respectfully, 

J.  COWPERTHWAIT,  Cashier.     . 


J.  C.  Colt,  Esa.,  New  York,  1838. 

Dear  Sir, — We  have  great  pleasure  in  giving  our  decided  approval  to  the  work  prepared  by  you  upon  "  Book-Keeping," 
and  have  no  hesitation  in  recommending  it  to  the  attention  of  all  who  have  a  desire  to  become  familiar  with  the  science. 

The  work  appears  to  have  been  prepared  with  great  care  and  critical  acumen,  and  embraces  a  greater  variety  of  useful 
and  instructive  lessons  and  explanations  than  we  ever  remember  to  have  seen  in  similar  works  upon  the  subject. 

Very  respectfully  yours,  WILLIAM  CHURCHILL  &  CO., 

109  Water  Street. 


J.  C.  Colt,  Esa.,  New  York,  1838. 

Dear  Sir,— -We  have  cursorily  examined  your  interesting  work  on  Book-Keeping,  and  take  much  pleasure  in  bearing 
testimony  to  the  industry  and  skill  employed  in  the  development  of  a  science,  the  utility  and  n{(cessity  of  which,  in  everj* 
branch  of  trade,  you  have  so  ably  illustrated. 

We  consider  your  work  well  adapted  to  impart  that  practical  acquaintance  with  a  branch  of  knowledge,  the  Importance 
of  which  cannot  be  overrated.    We  are,  Dear  Sir,  with  much  respect,  your  obedient  servants, 

HOGAN  &  MILN, 
&1  Beekman  Street. 


Mb.  John  C.  Colt,  _  New  York,  1838. 

Sir, — We  have  examined  your  treatise,  and  have  no  hesitation  in  stating,  that  we  fully  coincide  in  the  favorable  opinioii 
of  its  merits,  as  expressed  in  the  letter  from  Messrs.  Hogan  &  Miln. 

With  respect,  your  obedient  servants,  D.  C,  &  W.  PELL, 

87  WaU  Street. 


TO  THE  PUBLIC. 
A  copy  of  Mr.  J.  C.  Colt's  Book-Keeping  was  left  with  me  for  examination.    1  consider  it  a  well-organized  and  classical 
work,  embracing  every  requisite  fbr  wliich  it  was  designed.    Mr.  Colt  appears  to  be  a  man  possessed  of  much  literature, 
as  well  as  a  classical  and  mathematical  scholar,    I  sincerely  hope  he  may  be  well  rewarded  for  his  indefatigable  industry 
and  perseverance  in  the  promotion  of  science.  SHEPHERD.  A.  REED,  A.  M., 

President  of  Franklin  Academy,  Noa.  83,  85,  87,  and  89,  South  Third  StreeU. 
Philadelphia,  1839. 


New  York,  1S39. 
f  have  sincere  pleasure  in  bringing  into  notice  this  exceedingly  clever  and  useful  publication.  (Viz.  Colt's  Treatise  on 
Book-Keeping.)  The  theoretical  portion  is  sound,  the  examples  and  explanations  easy,  an'd  the  whole  is  so  arranged,  that 
the  student  may  be  readily  directed  to  the  practical  parts,  without  encumbering  his  attention  with  what  is  more  abstruse 
and  recondite.  Great  attention  is  paid  to  the  explanation  and  the  manner  by  which  the  operations  are  performed,  to 
which,  if  I  subjoin,  tha'  there  is  a  great  mass  of  novel  and  useful  exercises  in  almost  every  example,  I  may  conclude  to 
have  given  a  just  character  of  this  book,  which  ought  certamly  to  be  ranked  with  the  very  best  of  the  cl.iss  to  which  It 
belongs.    I  have  adopted  it  into  my  school  JOHN  MULLIGAN,  A.  M., 

Prmcipal  of  St.  Matthews  Academy,  White  Street,  near  Broadway. 


New  York,  1839. 
Having  examined  Mr.  .T.  C.  Colt's  Book-Keeping,  though  the  principles  are  unchanged  and  unchangeable,  I  am  pleased 
with  the  clear  and  lucid  manner  in  which  he  has  presented  this  beautiful  and  useful  science  to  tlio  pubhc.  The  entries 
are  couched  in  that  short,  but  clear  business  language  which  will  at  once  be  comprehended  by  the  student,  and  need  only 
to  be  practised  by  him  in  order  to  be  imitated  in  style— the  want  of  which  acquirement  has  emharassed  many  when  they 
came  to  practice.  The  variety  of  the  entries  and  number  of  branches  of  trade  illustrated,  and  the  definite  erplanations 
attached  to  each  branch,  are  not  equalled  by  any  work  in  use.  With  this  opinion  of  its  merits,  I  shall  with  the  greatest 
pleasure  introduce  it  into  my  BchooL  JNO.  YEAM.A.NS,  Jr., 

Teacher,  216  and  218  Sullivan  Street 


4.  C.  Colt,  Em.,  •^««'  '^'>f''>  'OS* 

Sir  —After  an  attentive  perusal  of  your  treatise  on  Book-Keeping,  I  take  pleasure  in  expressing  to  you  my  approbation 
concerning  it.  The  method  which  yon  have  employed  to  elucidate  the  science,  renders  it  easy  for  the  pupil  to  aequire  a 
kiiowled<'e'of  uiercaiilile  lran.';actions,  and  also  gives  it  a  decided  advantage  over  anything  hillierto  published  on  the  same 
subject.  "  I  think  tluit  the  teacher  and  accountant  need  only  become  acquainted  with  its  merits  to  give  it  a  preference.  I 
shall  introduce  it  as  a  text-book  to  my  classes,  and  I  trust  it  will  be  generally  used  in  schools  and  counting-rooms.  I  hope 
your  industry  and  skill  in  simplifying  and  illustrating  so  important  a  branch  of  study,  will  meet  a  return  commensurate 
with  the  merits  of  your  work  and  gratifying  to  yourself.  E.  H  JENNY,  A.  M., 

Seventh  Ward  Grammar  School. 


Sir  —Your  treatise  on  Book-Keeping  is  so  admirably  arranged  and  simplified,  that  I  frankly  acknowledge  it  the  best  that 
I  have  seen.  Notwithstanding  there  are  many  and  excellent  ones  extant  upon  the  same  subject,  (and  all  deserve  to  be 
highly  appreciated.)  the  plan  and  execution  of  yours  do  honour  to  your  judgment.  The  select  rules  and  excellent  key 
must'clucidatc  to  the  most  duU  apprehension  a  simple  and  easy  mode  to  the  science  of  Book-Keeping. 

I  am,  most  respectfuUy,  THOMAS  IIA\\'ES, 

23  North  Pearl  Street,  Albany. 


J  C.  Colt,  Esa.,  Albany,  1839. 

gir,— Having  been  presented  with  a  copy  of  your  Treatise  on  Book-Keeping,— with  a  request  that  I  would  examine  it, 
and  g'ive  an  e.vpression  of  my  opinion  as  to  its  merits,— I  have  examined  the  work,  and  every  page  has  afforded  new  evi- 
dence that  it  is  the  work  which  is  to  fill  a  void  in  the  public  schools  of  our  countrv,  hitherto  left  blank,  more  for  the  want 
of  a  proper  text-book,  than  any  other  cause.  With  your  book  the  study  may  oe  prosecuted  in  all  our  schools,  with  as 
much  confidence  and  success,  as  the  study  of  arithmetic,  grammar,  or  any  ordinary  study,— and  with  little  additional  labor 
to  the  teacher.    I  shall  use  the  work  in  my  school.    Respectfully  yours,  J.  W.  BULKLEY, 

J.  C.  Colt,  Esa.,  ^  .     ^    .  ^'""J''  ^-  "'^.'  ^839. 

Dear  Sir,— Having  thoroughly  examined  your  excellent  work  on  Book-Keepmg,  it  affords  me  great  pleasure  to  bear  tes 
timony  to  its  merit.  It  is  decidedly  the  best  work  on  that  science,  that  I  have  fotmd,  and  shall  therefore  introduce  it  in 
my  school.  I  am.  Sir,  yours  respectfuUy,  GEORGE  B.  GLENDINING. 

Principal  of  a  Select  School,  and  President  of  Troy  Teachers'  Society. 


Equally  flattering  and  complimentary  recommendations  as 
tlemen : — 

GAZZAM  &  BUTLER,  Merchants,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
DELAFIELD  <k  BURNET,  Bankers,     "  " 

HARTWELL,  LAWRENCE  &  Co.,  Merchants,  do.  do. 

A.  H.  WHEELER,  Teacher  of  Book-Keeping,  251  Broad- 
•    wav.  New  York.  * 

WM.'HILLER,  Teacher,  12G  Allen  Street,  New  York. 
JAMES  L.VWSON,  Teacher,  Grand,  corner  Mercer  Street, 

New  York. 
E.  B.  TANNER  "  132  Liberty  St.  New  York. 

HENRY  SWORDS,      "    No.  38  Sixth  Avenue,      " 
J.  TaFT,  Principal  of  Halcyon  Seminary,  212  Grand  Street, 

New  York. 

B.  FOWLER,  Teacher,  King  St.,  near  Hudson,  New  York. 
N.  MOWRY,         "  "  "  " 
JOHN  OAKLEY,  "          50  Rivington  Street,  " 

£.  F.  MITCHELL,  "       Pierpont  St.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
J.  HEALY,  "        13S  Fulton  St.,      "  " 

W.  MARSH,         "        127  Willow  St.     "  " 

ROr.ERT  SMITHARST,  Accountant,  51  North  Sixth  Street, 

Philadelphia. 
JOHN  G.  PEARSON,  "  93  Market  Street,  Phila- 

delphia. 
JOS.  P.  ENGLES,  Classical  Institute,  Philadelphia. 
JAMES  GOODFELLOW,  Teacher,  Samson  St.,     " 
THOMAS  McADAM,  Enghsh  and  Mathematical  Teacher, 

Pliil.-vdelpliia. 
HENRY  TVSON.  Teacher  of  Mathematics,  Philadelphia. 
WM  MANN,  A.  M.,  Classical  Teacher,  " 

J.  W  ROBERTS,  Mathematical  Teacher,  Tenth  St.,     " 
W.  CURRAN,  Classical  Teacher,  Tenth  Street,  near  Market 

Street,  Philadelphia. 
L.  M.  BARNETT,  Teacher.  172  North  Fifth  St.  Philadelphia. 
JAMES  CROSWELL,  Academy  No.  18  Cypress  Alley,  " 
PHILIP  A.  CREAGEN,        "  162  Pine  Street,         •' 

EDWARD   C.    JONES,    Classical   Teacher,  341   Market 

Street  Philadelphia. 
A.  MITCHELL,  Teacher  of  Mathematics,  22  Cherry  Street 

Philadelphia 
C.  H.  ANTHONY,  Principal  of  Troy  Academy,  New  York. 
N.   CAMP,  rnncipal  of   Seminaiy,   316   Greenwich  street, 

New  York  city. 
J.  B.  PECK,  Teacher,  Govemeur  street,  Nevir  York  city. 
SAMUEL  BROWN,  Teacher,  478  Broadway,         " 


the  preceding,  have  been  received  firom  the  following  gen- 

F.  M.  LUBBREN,  Teacher,  Eighth  Street,  near  Market 

Street,  Philadelphia. 
WM.  S.  TRACY,  Accountant  and  Teacher  Second  Street, 

near  Callouhill  street,  Philadelphia. 
JOHN  MOONEY,  36  Pine  Street,  Philadelphia. 
J.  L.  ORCUTT,  Teacher  of  Book-Keeping,  South  St.,  Phila- 

delphia, 
EDWARD  KNO\VLTON,  "        "  Southwork,  Philadelphia. 
EDWARD  HALDEMAN,  Merchant,  Columbia,  Penn. 
^VM.   B.  WEDGWOOD,  A.  M.,  Teacher  of  Poughkeepsio 

Classical  School,  N.  Y. 
Wltf.  JENNEY,  Principal  Dutchess  Co.  Academy,  Pongh- 

keepsie,  N.  Y, 
J,  GRANT,  Esq.,  Cashier  Farmers'  &  Manufacturers'  Bank, 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 

E.  B.  BRIGAMIN,  Esa.,CasbierBankofPoughkeepsie,  N.Y. 

F.  S.  PEASE,  Esq.,  BookKeeper  Commercial  Bank,  Alba- 
ny, N.  Y. 

CARLO  GREEN,  Principal  of  a  Select  School,  Hudson,  N.Y. 
R.  W.  SMITH,  "  Classical  School,         "  " 

GEO.  T.  FOSTER,     "         of  Hudson  Academy    "  " 

C.  GRIDLEY,  "  "        Lancaster  School,      " 

A.  B.  McDONAL,  Teacher  of  Book-Keeping,  Albany  Acade- 
my, Albany,  N.  Y. 
JOEL  MARBLE,  Teacher  State  St.  Public,  Albany,  N.  Y. 


CHARLES  MORLEY, 
SAMUEL  STEELE, 
H.  HARDAWAY, 
E.  P.  FREEMAN, 
A.  P.  SMITH, 


Pubhc  No.  3, 
•     4. 

•J  (1  CI 

8,  "  " 

10,  "  » 

WM  H.  HUGHES,  Teacher  of  Book-Keeping,     "  " 

GEORGE  W.  FRANCIS,  Teacher  of  a  Select  School,  Troy, 

N.Y. 
ZENOPHON  HAYWOOD,  Teacher  Fourth  War^  Select 

School,  Troy,  N.  Y. 
JAMES  PARK,  Teacher,  and  Secretary  of  the  Troy  Teach- 
ers' Society,  Troy,  N.  Y. 
JOSEPH  CHILDS,  Jr.,  Teacher,  Fifth  Street,  Troy,  N.  Y. 
GEO  A.  ROGERS,  Teacher,  174  West  Broadway,  N.  Y.  city. 
S.  R  MARTIN,  "  16  Dominick  street,  " 

S.  JENNER,  "  59  Heiuy  street,  " 

V.  DREW,  "         259  Broome  street,  " 

V.  BaSSETT,  Jr.,      "  69  Varick  street,  «« 


THE 
SCIENCE 

OF 

DOUBLE    ENTRY 

BOOK-KEEPING, 

SIMPLIFIED,  ARRANGED,  AND  METHODIZED, 

AFTER  THE  FORMS  OF  GRAMMAR  AND  ARITHMETIC ; 
EXPLAINED  BY  DEFINITE  RULES,  AND  ILLUSTRATED  BY  ENTRIES 

CLASSED,  IN  A  MANNER  MATERIALLY  DIFFERENT  FROM  ANY  WORK  EVER 
BEFORE  OFFERED  TO  THE  PUBLIC. 

CONTAINING,   ALSO, 


A    K  E  Y, 


EXPLAINING 

THE    MANNER    OF   JOURNALIZING, 

AND  THE  NATURE  OF 

THE  BUSINESS  TRANSACTION  OF  EACH  OF  THE  DAY-BOOK  ENTRIES. 

TOGETHER  WITH 

PRACTICAL  FORMS  FOR  KEEPING  BOOKS, 

AS  CIRCUMSTANCES  MAY  REQUIRE  IH  DIFFERENT  COMMERCIAL  HOUSES. 


BY   J.  C.  COLT,   ACCOUNTANT, 


TWELFTH    EDITION. 


NEW   YORK: 
PUBLISHED   BY   NAFIS   &   CORNISH, 

278  Pearl  Street. 

PHILADELPHIA— JOHN  B.  PERRY, 

198  Market  Street. 


1846. 


C6. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1837,  by 

JOHN   C.   COLT. 

In  the  Clerk's  OfRce  of  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


CONTENTS. 


Preface, ^^ 

A  Brief  Plan  of  the  Work, '.'."ll 

Book-keeping,  its  uses  and  its  origin, 13 

Principal  Books, 13 

Auxiliary  Books, 14 

Day-Book,  Explanations  of  the, 14 

all  business  transactions  illustrated, 26 — 58 

Journal,  Explanations  of  the, 15 

Illustrated, 26 — 58 

Proofs, 15 

Leger,  Explanations  of  the, , 15 

Illustrated,  :'. 59 75 

Proofs, 15 

The  Grand  Balance  Sheet,  Explanation  of, 16 

Plan  of, 16 

Formula  of, 80,  81 

Law  of  Book-keeping,  or  general  Rule  for  Journalizing, 17 

Rules  of  Accounts. 

I.  Stock,  17 

11.  Merchandise,  17 

III.  Cash, 17 

IV.  Bills  Receivable, 17 

V.  Bills  Payable, 18 

VI.  Bank  Account, 18 

VII.  Interest,  Discount,  Brokerage,  &c 18 

VIII.  Expense,  18 

IX.  Individual  Accounts, 18 

X.  Profit  and  Loss, 19 

XL  Stocks,  Real  Estates,  &c 19 

XII.  Intrusted  Real  Estates,  Stocks,  Bonds,  &c 19 

XIII.  Consignments  to  You, 19 

XIV.  Consignments  by  You, 19 

XV.  Speculations, 20 

XVI.  Commission,  20 

XVII.  Loan  Account, 20 

XVIII.  Suspense, 20 

XIX.  Storage,  20 

XX.  Debentures, 20 

XXI.  Collector  of  Customs, 21 

XXII.  Debts  Payable, 21 

XXIIL  Debts  Receivable, •• 2] 

XXIV.  Balance  Account, ..- 21 

[5] 

5424  ">  3 


CONTENTS. 

'  Page. 

Cldsing  Books, 21 

Of  Accounts  and  their  Divisions, 22 

Journalizing, 22,  23 

An  illustration  of  entries  which  arise  from  keeping  a  regular  Merchandise 

Account, • • 26—36 

An  illustration  of  entries  arising  from  the  purchase  and  sale  of  Stocks, 

Real  Estate,  and  the  general  agency  of  the  like, 36 — 40 

An  illustration  of  entries  common  to  a  Commission  House, 40—46 

An  illustration  of  entries  accruing  to  the  consignment  of  goods  to  be  sold 

on  Commission,  Adventures,  &c 46 — 52 

An  illusti'ation  of  entries  common  to  regular  Speculations, 52 — 56 

Entries  for  closing  books, 56 — 58 

Trial  Balances, 76—79 

Company  Business, 82,  83 

Auxiliary  Books,  Forms,  &c 84 

Bill-Book, 85 

Payable, 85 

Receivable, • 86 

Cash-Book,  87,  88 

Check-Book, 89 

Bank-Book, 90 

Invoice-Book, 91, 92 

Commission-Invoice-Book, 91,  92 

Sales-Book, 93 

Commission-Sales-Book, 93 

Outward-Invoice-Book, 93 

Form  of  an  Account-Sales, 94 

Form  of  an  Account-Current, 95,  96 

Postage-Book, 97 

Receipt-Book, 97 

Time-Book, 98 

Portage  Bills, 99,  lOQ 

Freight-Book, 101 

Steam-Boat  Report, 102 

Form  of  a  Manifest, 103 

Bill, 103 

Order-Book, 104 

Memorandum-Book,  104 

Expense-Book, 104 

Letter-Book, 104 

End  of  School  Edition, • 105 

PART  n,  OF  TEACHERS'  AND  CLERKS'  EDITION. 

Directions  to  the  Learner, 109,  110 

Vocabulary  of  mercantile  terms  and  phrases, Ill — 119 

Kkt,  explaining  the  nature  of- the  business  transaction  of  each  of  the 
Day-Book  entries  and  manner  of  Journalizing,  with  reference  to 

the  Rules  under  which  each  entry  falls,  120 — 139 

[6] 


CONTENTS. 

Practical  Forms  tor  Keeping  Books. 

Preliminary  remarks, 141 

Set  No.  1.     An  illustration  and  explanation  of  a  set  of  Books 

for  a  small  business, 144 — 15[ 

Set  No.  2.     An  illustration'and  explanation  of  a  set  of  books  for 

a  business  of  medium  extent,  152 154 

Set  No.  3.     An  illustration  and  explanation  of  a  set  of  books 

for  a  house  of  the  most  extensive  operations, 155 — 164 

Further  considerations  and  plans  on  the  method  of  Keeping  Books, •••  .165 

No.  1.     Day-Book  and  Journal,  plan  of  uniting  them  in  one 

book, 165—167 

No.  2.     A  plan  of  using  a  Collecting   sheet,  to  save   Leger 

posts, 167,  168 

No.  3.     Journal  Formula  and  explanation  for  showing  your 

daily,  weekly  or  monthly  gains  in  business,  168,  169 

No.  4.     Journal  Formula  and  explanation  for  saving  numerous 

posts  to  the  Leger  accounts  of  Merchandise  and  Cash,  170, 171 

No.  5,  Journal  Forms  easily  extended, 171 

Different  Plans  for  keeping  the  Leger  exemplified, 172,  173 

Forms  of  Bills,  Notes,  &o. 

Forms  of  Receipts, ,         174 

Forms  of  Due-Bills,       .........         174 

Forms  of  Orders, 174 

Forms  of  Promissory  Notes, 175 

Forms  of  Drafts, 175 

Bill  of  Exchange, 176 

Set  of  Exchange, 176 

Commekcial  Calculations. 

Preliminary  Remarks, 177 

Interest,  &c.     General  Rules  and  Illustrations,     .        .        .        177 — 179 

Bank  Discount  or  Interest, 180 

Brokerage  or  Commission,  .......         180 

Insurance  and  Policies,  ........         181 

Equation  of  Dividends,  ......  181,  182 

Equation  of  Payments,  ......  182 — 184 

Mea-surement  of  wood,  timber,  vessels,  &c.  .         .  185,  186 

CusTOM-HousE  Duties  and  Allowances, 186,  187 

Measures, .187 

Table  of  Coins, 187,  188 

Public  Addresses,  191 — 223 

[7] 


PREFACE. 


In  oiTering,  at  this  time,  a  new  Treatise  on  Book-keeping,  it  seems  due  to  the 
public  that  some  plausible  excuse,  at  least,  should  be  given,  as  of  late,  so  numer- 
ous have  been  the  "  hodge-podge"  Publications  upon  this  important  science,  that 
the  young  men  whom  it  is  intended  to  benefit,  have,  unless  assisted  by  some  ex 
perienced  teacher,  become  disgusted  before  half  perusing  an  author's  work  on 
the  subject;  throwing  it  aside,  and  preferring  rather  to  trust  to  chance  for  their 
knowledge,  than  to  suffer  the  laborious  task  of  arranging,  simplifying  and  adap- 
ting, intricate  entries  to  the  common  business  of  life. 

For  the  intrusion,  you  have  a  work  written  in  common  mercantile  language, 
with  that  brevity  which  strictly  conforms  to  commercial  custom.  In  the  de- 
velopmeiiis  of  the  principles  of  the  science,  are  illustrated  not  only  one  or  two 
branches  of  business,  (as  generally  conducted)  but,  also,  all  the  common  and 
leading  branches  throughout  the  commercial  world. 

In  a  word,  you  have,  laid  before  you,  the  science  of  Double-entry,  or  Balanced 
Book-keeping  simplified,  the  author  believes,  and  made  much  easier  to  the  learn- 
er than  the  plans  of  all  preceding  works,  from  its  definite  rules,  and  the  mathe- 
matical arrangements  of  the  different  classes  of  accounts;  and  containing  in  a 
less  compendious  form,  a  greater  variety  of  entries  than  any  system  heretofore 
published. 

Whether  there  be  not  a  material  advantage  to  the  pupil,  in  learning  the  sci- 
ence of  Book-keeping,  (as  in  most  other  sciences,)  from  the  direction  of  definite 
rules,  and  mathematical  arrangements;  instead  of  laborious  explanations,  multi- 
plied questions  and  answers,  and  mixed  illustrations,  is,  in  this  work,  respect- 
fully submitted  to  the  candor  of  an  enlightened  public,  by 

THE  AUTHOR. 

Note  (6tli  Edition). — The  unparalleled  success  of  this  work  far  exceeds  even  the  most  sanguine  expectations 
of  its  author.  Two  years  have  scarcely  elapsed  since  the  first  edition  was  published,  and  aheady  the  sixth 
is  called  for.  If  success  be  any  proof  of  its  merit,  the  author  feels  that  the  mathematical  arrangement  and 
scientific  construction  he  has  i^iven  in  expounding  the  principles  of  Book-keeping,  form  a  signal  evidence  61 
triumj)h  over  numerous  obstacles  in  acquiring  the  science  thought  heretofore  to  exist.  The  work  is  now 
adopted  and  successfully  taught  in  upward  of  two  hundred  schools. 

The  present  edition  is  somewhat  improved,  thoug'h  not  materially  altered  from  former  publications. 
Regarding  the  science  as  an  important  branch  of  study  to  the  young  intended  merchant,  and  ever  anxious 
to  see  its  ])rinciples  made  clear,  and  its  collateral  parts  perfected,  the  author  would  glailly  receive  any  .lug 
gcstions  that  may  be  made  by  those  engaged  in  practising  or  teaching  the  science,  and  would  take  great 
pleasure  in  giving  credit  for  the  same.  This  work  was  not  written  for  profit,  neither  is  it  published  for  gain. 
It  can  be  had  for  half  the  usual  cost  of  similar  publications.  And  if  variety  of  matter  alone  rendered  it  valaa- 
ble,  it  will  be  found,  on  examination,  to  contain  forms  and  formulas  more  than  equal  in  number  to  those 
co?nprised  in  all  other  works  published  in  this  country  and  Europe  during  the  two  last  centuries.  The  work 
has  been  translated  into  French  and  German,  and  adopted  in  several  of  the  high  &chools  of  Europe. 
New  YoaK,  1841 

B  \  9] 


A  BRIEF  PLAN  OF  THE  WORK. 


Prefaces  are  usually  taken  to  be  an  author's  puff  of  his  own  production,  and 
consequently  they  are  seldom  read.  Still  at  first,  to  be  rightly  understood  is  an 
author's  chief  desire,  and  to  rightly  understand  an  author  should  be  the  first  wish  of 
the  scholar.  This  perspective  view  of  the  following  pages  is  designed  as  an  "  Alad- 
din's Lamp"  in  the  hands  of  the  reader,  without  which  if  you  are  not  skilled  in 
science,  you  might  feel  yourself  sometimes  at  a  loss.  This  obscurity  will  come,  if 
at  all  from  the  lights  jutting  from  each  object,  and  not  as  is  usual  coming  from 
some  great  common  centre,  leaving  the  remoter  parts  to  be  dimly  pathed  by  refrac- 
tive and  broken  rays.  Each  part  is  so  arranged  as  to  explain  itself.  The  princi- 
ples are  brought  out  of  chaos;  and  when  you  understand  them,  in  practice,  keep  as 
much  or  as  little  of  the  old-fashioned  rubbish  about  them  as  you  please. — You  will 
find,  still  you  have  it,  the  principle  is  there  !  Principles  are  at  first  developed,  with- 
out regard  to  any  particular  form  for  keeping  books.  Thus,  the  entries  of  the  Day 
Book  are  divided  into  five  divisions  and  not  scattered  without  order,  as  has  been  the 
custom  in  the  works  of  all  my  predecessors.  Each  of  these  divisions  are  governed  by 
a  principle  which  acts  separate  and  apart,  and  which  principles  taken  together  make 
up  the  science.  Of  these  principles  there  are  five,  explained  in  the  five  divisions. 
1st. — The  first  division  embraces  the  first  two  months  of  the  Day  Book,  January  and 
February,  and  in  which  is  illustrated  a  regular  Merchandise  account,  together  with 
such  entries  as  commonly  occur  in  transacting  business  on  one's  own  capital,  in 
regular  purchases  and  sales  of  goods.  2d. — In  the  second  division  (March)  of  the 
Day  Book,  will  be  found  an  illustration  of  such  entries  as  arise  in  the  purchase  and 
sale  of  Stocks,  Real  Estates,  and  General  Agencies  of  the  like.  3d. — The  third 
division,  the  month  of  April,  is  confined  to  that  class  of  entries  which  occur  in  doing 

rii] 


A  BRIEF  PLAN  OF  IHE  WORK. 

a  Commission  business.  4th. — In  the  fourth  division,  May,  is  illustrated  such  en- 
tries as  occur  in  the  Consignment  of  Goods  on  commission  to  be  sold  jointly  or 
singly.  Adventures,  etc.  5th, — In  the  fifth  division,  June,  the  last  month  in  the 
Day  Book,  is  confined  to  home  speculations  singly  and  in  company  with  others. 
Among  these  five  divisions  will  be  found  interspersed,  without  disturbing  the  order 
of  the  rest,  those  few  anomalous  entries  that  occasionally  occur  in  business  and 
which  are  as  common  to  one  branch  of  trade  as  another.* 

The  explanations  given  of  the  accounts  which  make  up  the  science,  are  in  a  con- 
densed form  each  explained  as  a  rule  by  itself,  after  the  plan  of  explanations  in 
practical  mathematics. 

Following  the  Ledger  will  be  found  an  illustration  of  such  Auxiliary  Book:5  and 
business  Forms  as  is  customary  to  include  in  similar  publications,  with  this  differ- 
ence, they  are  in  greater  variety  and  are  modernized  in  conformity  with  the  busi- 
ness practice  of  the  age.  This  much  embraces  but  one  hundred  pages  of  the  work, 
and  the  principles  herein  developed  are  of  greater  variety  and  more  extended  than  is 
to  be  found  in  the  works  of  Goddard,  Bennett,  Marsh,  Foster,  Harris,  Morrison, 
Jones,  etc.,  ancients  and  moderns,  notwithstanding  many  of  these  productions  cover 
several  hundred  folios.  You  may  rest  after  going  over  these  few  pages  with  the  as- 
surance of  having  as  perfect  a  knowledge  of  the  science  of  Book-Keeping  by  Dou- 
ble Entry  as  you  would  have  if  you  were  to  peruse  all  of  the  most  popular  works 
of  the  age. 

These  one  hundred  pages  form  the  first  division  of  the  work  which  may  be  had 
in  a  separate  volume,  and  used  as  a  School-book  where  preferred.  In  the  second 
division  of  the  large  work,  which  is  more  particularly  designed  for  Teachers  and 
Clerks,  there  will  be  found  in  addition  to  the  above.  Directions  to  the  learner  when 
studying  the  science  without  the  assistance  of  a  teacher ;  a  Key,  which  explains  the 
manner  of  Journalizing,  and  the  nature  of  the  business  transaction  of  each  and  all 
of  the  Day-Book  entries,  A  Vocabulary  of  mercantile  terms,  abbreviations  and 
literary  phrases ;  Commercial  Calculations,  etc. ;  also  a  variety  of  Practical  Forms  for 
keeping  books,  as  circumstances  may  require,  in  every  extent  and  diversity  of  Com- 
mercial Houses,  together  with  the  author's  Public  Addresses  upon  the  origin,  pro- 
gress, and  the  science  of  accounts  in  general. 

•  The  better  to  understand  the  reason  why  these  divisions  are  given  to  the  five  classes  of  accounts,  which 
form  the  basis  of  the  science,  the  learner  is  requested  to  read  the  author's  Public  Addresses. 

[12] 


INTRODUCTION. 


Book-Keeping  is  the  science  of  recording  and  preserving  the  changes  of  all 
real  or  supposed  property  between  individuals,  either  single  or  united,  in  order 
of  the  date  of  the  occurrence,  and  in  language  mercantile. 

Book-keeping,  abstractedly  considered,  doubtless  owes  its  origin,  like  most 
other  sciences,  to  the  wants  and  necessities  of  man.  The  utter  inability  of  man 
to  remember  all  his  business  transactions,  is  evident  to  all;  and  that  the  love  of 
gain  in  too  many  transcends  the  right  of  property,  is  too  apparent,  not  to  require 
a  record  of  transactions  binding  upon  the  parties  concerned.  And  thence  we 
may  infer,  that  Book-keeping  owes  its  origin  to  those  who  first  gave  a  written 
reference  of  a  mutual  change  of  right  of  property.  What  people  are  deserving 
of  this  praise,  is  enveloped  in  doubt,  amidst  the  clasnings  and  never-ending  dis- 
putes of  writers  on  ancient  history. 

The  principle  of  Book-keeping,  as  now^  understood  and  practiced,  is  laid  claim 
to  by  the  Italians,  who  date  the  time  of  its  origin  in  the  middle  ages.  But  even 
the  name,  and  the  place  from  whence  glimmered  the  first  principle  of  the 
science  of  Double  Entry  Book-keeping,  is  unknown;  that  spot  which  would  be 
held  sacred  by  the  whole  commercial  world,  slumbers  beneath  the  sea  dirge;  is 
heedlessly  trod  upon  by  the  passing  way-fare r;  and  is  wept  for  only  by  the  dew- 
drop  of  some  straggling  and  unconscious  flower. 

But  it  was  for  the  boundless  and  still  spreading  commerce  of  England,  first  to 
develope  the  great  beauty  of  the  science;  and  for  the  genius  of  America  to  give 
to  it  a  language  clear,  concise,  universal  and  simple  ;  so  as  to  render  it  plain  to 
the  most  common  understanding,  and  consequently  equally  valuable  in  applica 
tion  to  every  man's  business. 

Among  the  numerous  authors  since  the  publication  of  John  Picle  (one  of  the 
first  English  writers  upon  the  science)  there  are  no  works  to  be  found  more 
valuable  than  those  published  in  our  own  country,  by  Goddard,  Bennett,  Marsh, 
and  Edwards,  each  of  whom  in  his  turn  has  enjoyed  a  popularity  which  must 
have  been  highly  gratifying  to  themselves,  and  pleasing  to  their  friends.  These 
works  on  examination  will  be  found  measurably  calculated  to  expand  the  mind  and 
enlarge  the  views  upon  commercial  transactions. 

PRINCIPAL    BOOKS. 

The  principal  Books  now  in  use  are  three,  viz: 

THE  DAY-BOOK,*  THE  JOURNAL  AND  THE  LEGER. 

The  Day-book  and  Journal  are  sometimes  bound  and  kept  together  as  one 
book,  of  which  there  are  two  approved  forms  in  use. 

In  establishments  (generally  wholesale)  where  a  Sales-book  is  used,  these 
books  are  found  to  be  more  convenient,  and  without  an  unnecessary  waste  of 
paper;  inasmuch  as  each  page  is  used  alternately  for  the  Day-book  and  Journal. 
Also  in  establishments  confined  to  large  sales  and  purchases  of  one  or  two  arti- 

*This  volume  is  so  called,  from  being  ths  place  of  recoifiing  daily  business  transactions.  And  from  the 
circum.staace  of  its  containing  the  first  record  of  a  change  of  property,  it  becomes  the  only  book,  where  the 
Sales-book  is  not  substituted,  that  the  merchant  keeps,  which  is  good  and  valid  proof  in  law,  in  the  absenM 
of  real  testimony,  of  mercantile  transaciinns.  Although  called  Wasje-book  by  some,  it  is  the  last  of  the 
cntalogiie  dessrving  so  absurd  a  title. 


INTRODUCTION. 

cles  at  a  time,  the  Day-book  and  Journal  may  be,  by  an  expert  accountant, 
admirably  kept  as  one' book  with  very  little  trouble.  For  which  see  the  form 
in  part  i2d.  But  comparatively  few  are  the  establishments  (where  it  is  advisable 
to  keep  a  Journal)  in  which  it  will  bo  found  expedient  to  adopt  any  other  than 
the  established  custom,  of  using  the  Day-book  and  Journal  separate. 

AUXILIARY    BOOKS. 

The  titles  of  these  books,  taken  collectively  from  difterent  establishments,  are 
entirely  too  numerous  to  particularize,  as  almost  every  house  adopts  forms  ot 
sunple  auxiliaries  to  represent  the  divisions  and  subdivisions  of  its  various 
branches  of  business.  The  following  are  in  the  most  common  use  in  regular 
mercantile  houses,  and  for  their  descriptions  and  that  of  others,  see  the  forms  in 
the  sequel. 

CASH-BOOK,  MEMORANDUM-BOOK, 

CHECK-BOOK,  BILL-BOOK, 

BANK-BOOK,  INVOICE-BOOK, 

RECEIPT-BOOK,  SALES-BOOK, 

LETTER-BOOK,  ACCOUNT-CURRENT-BOOK,  &c. 


EXPENSE-BOOK 


DAY-BOOK. 


This  book  is  usually  kept  and  on  which  is  daily  written  in  historical  form,  all 
your  business  transactions.  Where  the  articles  bought  or  sold  are  enumerated 
on  this  book,  the  form  of  entry  is  exceedingly  simple.  For  example,  see  Day- 
book, page  1st,  January  4th,  6th,  7th,  9th  and  10th.  The  forms  are  in  com- 
mon use.  and  are  decidedly  the  briefest  that  can  be  adopted,  which  express 
explicitly  that  class  of  entries  which  forms  more  than  nine  tenths  of  those  made 
in  most  commercial  houses. 

Where  there  is  a  Sales-book  kept,  the  Day-book  entry  is  made  as — for  exam- 
ple see  Day-book,  page  9th,  April  Sth  and  Uth.  These  two  are  the  forms  of 
the  common  entries  in  such  establishments. 

To  give  you  an  exact  form  of  entry  for  every  mercantile  transaction,  would 
be  impossible,  as  they  may  be  as  numerous  as  the  sands  of  the  sea.  But  vou 
will  find  in  studying  this  work,  there  are  illustrated  a  sufficient  variety  of  entries 
to  make  you  so  complete  a  master  of  the  science,  that  you  will  be  enabled, 
without  difficulty,  to  make  any  entry  that  can  possibly  occur.  ^ 

In  making  an  entry,  always  observe  to  give  the  date  on  which  the  transac- 
tion took  place;  the  name  of  the  thing  or  representative  given  or  taken  in 
exchange;  the  conditions,  if  any,  that  are  stipulated  in  the  bargain  rnade;  the 
person  Avith  whom  the  bargain  was  made,  or  who  may  be  concerned  in  it;  and 
the  amount.  These  are  all  the  essentials  of  an  entry.  And  by  copying  the 
Day-book  as  you  learn  the  principles,  you  will  soon  become  a  proficient  in  giv- 
ing to  all  transactions  the  essentials  in  mercantile  form. 

The  author  has  taken  particular  pains  in  many  cases  among  the  most  difficult 
entries  of  commission  business  (as  you  will  find  in  the  last  half  of  the  Day-book) 
to  have  the  entries  both  of  reception,  sales  and  final  settlement  of  the  account, 
to  follow  one  another  as  near  as  possible.  Also,  in  consignments,  such  entries 
S)S  would  only  occur  in  actual  business  by  a  separation  of  several  months,  are 

[14] 


INTRODUCTION. 

here  put  together,  the  better  to  give  the  learner  a  more  complete  understanding 
of  those  most  difficult  and  complex  transactions  with  the  least  possible  trouble. 

JOURNAL. 

This  book  is  used  for  preparing  and  collecting,  where  it  is  necessary,  the 
amounts  of  theDay-book  of  the  same  date  and  concern  under  Leger  titles.  For 
examples  see  Journal,  page  1st,  January  4th,  where  the  Leger  titles  are  given 
to  the  amounts  total  of  the  Day-book  transaction.  For  an  illustration  of  the 
collective  form,  see  practical  forms  in  the  Clerk's  and  Teacher's  edition  of  this 
work,  part  2d.  The  collective  form  may  sometimes  be"  extended  to  a  week  or 
month  without  regard  to  date. 

This  book  has,  within  a  few  years  past,  among  good  accountants,  been  great- 
ly improved,  and  now  generally  when  adopted,  forms  a  bare  index  to  the  Leger. 

LEGER. 

This  book  is  used  for  collecting  under  mercantile  titles  and  personal  names 
such  unsettled  sums  or  balances  as  arise  between  individuals  from  business 
transactions.  Also  your  entire  estate  of  debts,  claims  and  property,  real  and 
personal,  each  portion  under  its  appropriate  title. 

Posting  is  generally  made  on  the  Leger  by  giving  to  the  proper  account  the 
amount  of  the  debit  or  credit  there  belonging,  the  date  of  the  transaction,  and 
opposite  to  each  sum  the  balancing  account;*  or  where  there  are  more  accounts 
than  one  that  form  a  balance,  from  want  of  room  on  a  single  line  to  enumerate 
\hem  respectively,  the  word  Sundries  is  used. 

Note. — For  different  plans  of  keeping  a  Leger  see  Part  2d. 

PROOFS. 

Journal. — If  you  journalize  correctly,  the  footings  of  the  Journal  and  the  Day- 
book taken  for  any  given  time  will  agree.  This  is  the  only  proof  you  have 
of  having  transferred  correctly  the  amounts  from  the  Day-book  to  the  Journal. 
And  this  is  sufficient,  and  is  always  considered  proof  positive. 

That  these  books  may  agree  in  their  footings  (as  well  as  journalizing  right)  it 
sometimes  requires  care  on  the  part  of  the  accountant,  in  his  most  difficult  en- 
tries to  see  that  he  carries  the  amounts  correctly  from  the  inner  to  the  outer 
column  of  the  Day-book. 

Leger. — As  often  as  once  a  month,  all  accountants,  unless  prevented  from  ex 
treme  pressure  of  business,  or  who  consider  it  hardly  worth  their  trouble  from 
the  trifling  amount  done,  should  take  what  is  called  a  Trial  Balance  of  the  Leg- 
er. This  Trial  Balance  consists  in  taking  all  the  footings  for  a  month,  or  any 
given  time,  of  all  such  accounts  as  have  been  posted  to  for  the  time  taken,  and 
placing  the  respective  debit  and  credit  amounts  on  a  sheet  togetiier  (see  exam- 
ples of  Trial  Balances  at  the  end  of  the  Leger)  and  then  footing  them  up,  when 
if  you  have  posted  correctly,  the  footings  of  the  two  columns  will  agree.  In 
case  these  columns  do  not  agree,  you  proceed  to  examine  your  footings  on  the 

*Any  account  may  by  a  balancing  account  to  another  entry,  as  ii  is  the  account  or  accounts  to  which  the 
reverse  of  a  debit  or  credit  entry  is  made,  for  examine,  William  ]\Iay  may  be  debited  with  a  given  amount 
of  merchandise,  here  Alerchandise  is  for  said  amount  tlie  balancing  account,  and  must  consequently  be  cred- 
ited for  the  same,  and  rice  versa. 

Q^  Be  careful  not  to  confound  balance  account  (for  a  description  of  w»iich  see  Primary  Rules)  with 
this  exrlanation. 

[15] 


IxNircODUCTION. 

LjgtT.  If  you  do  not  discover  your  error  here,  and  tuey  are  correct,  you  will 
find  tLe  error  in  posting  from  the  Journal.  In  actual,  business,  the  accountant, 
to  find  the  error,  examines,  with  the  assistance  of  a  second  person,  by  read- 
ing and  comparing  the  separate  amounts  of  the  two  books,  when  he  discov- 
ers the  error  witliout  dilficulty;  whether  it  be  owing  to  an  entire  omission  of 
posting;  to  carrying  the  amount  to  tlic  wrong  side,  or  to  incorrectness  in  trans- 
posing the  iigures. 

Wliea  your  Lcger  is  thus  shown  to  he  coiicct  from  the  balance,  it  is  considered  proof  positive,  notwith- 
standing errors  may  still  exist. 

Notiiini;  that  comes  from  ilie  hand  of  man  is  perfect.  And  the  science  of  Book-keeping  contains  in  itself 
as  few  exceptions,  taken  in  connection  with  its  beneficial  elfects,  as  any  that  can  be  named.  And  although 
an  error  may  exist  at  the  lime,  tlieso  proofs  are  considered  satisfactory,  yet,  I  think  all  accountants  versed 
in  the  science,  will  agree  with  me  tliat  not  one  error  can  be  found  in  nineteen  sets  of  books  out  of  twenty, 
when  all  the  respective  accounts  of  said  bonks  are  settled. 

When  you  make  this  only  exceptionable  error  in  the  science,  by  posting  a  debit  or  credit  entry  to  a  wrong 
account,  (which  does  not  if  cariied  to  an  opposite  balance  prevent  the  Leger  from  balancing)  it  will,  most 
likely,  as  there  are  two  accounts  t;tVci;te<l  by  it,  be  discovered  on  a  settlement  by  some  of  the  parlies  concerned. 
Whenever  you  discover  a  mistake  of  this  liind,  wlietjier  it  be  at  the  time  of  balancing  your  books,  or  after- 
wards, always  correct  bij  or  to  Error^  as  the  case  may  be,  that  you  may  save  the  beauty  of  your  Leger  from 
an  erasure;  and  then  make  the  correct  post. 

Note. — In  practising  on  this  wi>ik,  it  will  be  better  at  first,  in  case  of  a  wrong  post,  to  alter  the  figures  of 
»aid  error  into  cyphers,  that  your  'I'l  ia)  IJalances  may  agree  with  those  given,  which  will  aid  you  much  in  dis- 
covering mistakes. 

THE  GRAND  BALANCE  SHEET. 

On  winding  up  a  set  of  books,  there  can  be  no  plan  adopted  which  combines  so 
many  advantages,  and  is  so  methodical  in  its  arrangement,  as  taking  first,  what  is 
called  a  Grand  Balance  Sheet.  And  nothing  can  be  devised  to  give  the  learner  so 
complete  and  satisfactory  a  knowledge  of  the  science,  as  taking  one  of  these  sheets. 
In  fact  no  man  is  entitled  to  the  name  of  an  accountant,  unless  he  is  perfect  master 
of  this  part  of  the  work. 

Several  authors  have  omitted  this  sheet  in  their  works,  or  any  general  plan  for  representing  one's  affairs  in 
a  complete  and  comprehensive  manner  at  a  single  view ;  from  which  fact,  I  can  only  infer, Ihat  their  prac- 
tice, if  any,  must  have  been  in  individual  or  very  limited  company  concerns  :  inasmuch  as  in  most  incorpo- 
rated e'staDlishments,  as  well  as  many  individual  houses,  the  accountant  is  called  upon  at  or  before  the  annual 
or  semi-annual  examination  of  affairs,  to  show  on  a  sheet  or  pamphlet,  the  general  state  of  the  books  or 
concern.  Consequeiitiv,  as  an  accountant,  I  must  consider  such  works  incomplete,  and  as  not  giving  the 
essential  and  useful  information  they  purport  to  contain. 

Plan  of  the  Sheet.—  When  you  have  prepared  your  books  for  being  closed, 
you  take  all  the  Debit  and  Credit  balances  of  the  Leger,  as  yoa  find  them  on 
your  Trial  Balance;  being  careful  to  add,  previous  to  taking  the  balance,  your 
last  postings  which  come  under  the  head  of  preparatory  steps  to  closing  books: 
placing  them  on  a  prepared  sheet,  (see  formula  at  the  end  of  the  Leger)  you 
will  then  find  if  you  have  taken  the  amounts  correctly  from  the  Leger  or  Tri- 
al Balance,  that  the  footings  of  those  columns  will  agree.  You  next  carry  into 
the  columns  of  Profit  and  Loss,  as  here  represented,  the  balances  of  all  such 
accounts  as  your  rules  direct  m\  'X  be  closed  to  this  account.  You  next  close 
the  account  of  Profit  and  f^oss  to  or  hy  the  account  of  Stock.  Carry  stocii 
balance  into  Stock.  Then  all  the  other  balances  not  disposed  of,  are  carried 
into  Balance.  You  then  close  Slock  by  giving  its  balance  to  Balance  Account; 
this  finishes  the  sheet,  which  represents,  in  miniature,  your  whole  Leger  ac- 
counts or  business  affairs. 

Having  completed  this,  you  next  make  your  Day-book  entries  in  accordance 
or  Journalize  directly  from  the  sheet  (see   Journal,  page  I7th,)  and  post  as 

[  16  ] 


INTRODUCTION. 


usual.     Having  done  this,  your  Leger  footings  will,  of  course,  agree: — Give  the 
footings  in  ink,  the  lines  in  an  accountant's  style,  and  the  work  is  completed. 

Note. — If  you  become  an  expert  accountant  in  closing  books,  you  may  omit  entirely  the  trouble  of  either 
making  these  entries  upon  the  Day-book  or  Journal.  Still  further — if  circumstances  do  not  require  of  you  to 
take  this  sheet,  you  may  close  your  Leger  without.  But  in  most  cases  you  will  find  that  the  satisfaction  you 
derive  therefrom,  will  richly  pay  you  for  your  trouhle.     Besides,  by  fastening  this  sheet  at  the  end  of  your 

Trf>irpi'    vnii  mnv  snvp  vniivapir  thp  Imiihlfi  nf  nnpniii"   n    Balance  account,    ns  tils'!  Rhnpf  coiilniii<s  Ihp  nalnnrn 


RULES. 

LAW  OF  BOOK-KEEPING,  OR  RULE  FOR  JOURNALIZING. 

In  amount,  every  Debit  has  a  Credit,  and  vice  versa,  every  Credit  a  Debit.* 

This  is  the  law,  and  the  only  principle  on  which  Book-keeping  by  Double  Entry  is  founded,  and  must  be 
constantly  borne  in  mind,  and  never  violated.  And  this  principle  makes  it  necessary  to  apply  two  or  moie 
rules  to  every  entry,  both  in  journalizing  and  posting. 

RULES  OF  ACCOUNTS. 
1st. — Stock. 

On  commencing  business,  this  account  receives  a  Credit  for  all  the  Merchant 
possesses,  or  the  stock  he  puts  into  trade,  and  is  Debited  for  what  he  owes;  the 
surplus  shows  his  real  capital.  It  is  likewise  Credited  in  case  you  are  present- 
ed at  any  time  with  an  estate;  and  is  Debited  with  the  amount  of  any  property 
which  you  may  give  away  as  an  estate. 

Your  Books  being  opened,  the  account  of  stock  generally  remains  unaffected, 
until  the  final  closure,  when  it  receives  the  balance  of  Profit  and  Loss  account, 
and  thus  exhibits  the  amount  you  have  increased  or  diminished  your  capital  by 
trade,  &c.  when  all  your  other  accounts  are  closed,  this  account  is  closed  to  Bal 
ance  account,  which  makes  an  entire  finish  of  your  xohole  books. 

OCrln  Co-partnerships,  the  individual  accounts  of  those  who  form  said  Com- 
pany, are  generally  substituted  for  Stock  account,  each  partner  being  Credited 
for  the  amount  of  his  investment. 

2d. — Merchandise. 

This  account  is  Debited  with  all  goods  bought,  or  on  hand  at  commencement 
of  business,  or  for  any  expense  that  you  may  be  at  on  receiving  said  goods,  as 
transportation,  insurance,  &c.;  and  credited  from  time  to  time  with  the  amount 
of  all  sold  or  otherwise  disposed  of.  On  winding  up  your  books,  it  is  closed  to, 
or  by.  Profit  and  Loss,  for  its  gain  or  loss,  and  by  Balance  for  the  amount  of 
unsold  goods. 

3ii. — Cash. 

This  account  is  Debited  with  the  sum  on  hand  at  the  commencement  of  bu- 
siness, and  to  this  account  in  doing  business  you  Debit  all  cash  received,  and 
give  a  credit  for  all  sums  paid  away,  or  otherwise  disposed  of.  On  winding 
up  your  Books,  it  is  closed  by  Balance. 


•  The  title  of  each  account  is  a  leger  title  ;  and  the  Leger  has  no  other  nomenclature  to  d>stin?"'f  '^s 
parts.  Consequently,  the  learner  wilflook  to  the  principle  defined  m  each  rule,  to  know  how  to  -i'spose  ot 
the  Day-Book  entry ;  or  to  Debit  or  Credit,  as  may  be  necessary,  the  proper  accounts  affected  by  said  Day. 
Book  cr  other  original  entry.  r    irr  T 

C  [    1"   J 


INTRODUCTION. 

4th. — Bills  Receivable. 

This  account  is  debited  with  the  Notes,  Bonds,  and  Acceptances,  you  receive  from 
different  persons ;  or  on  hand  at  the  commencement  of  business,  and  receives  a  Credit 
for  the  same  when  taken  up,  or  otherwise  disposed  of.  It  naturally  closes  of  itself, 
but  if  there  appeal's  a  balance  on  unnding  up  your  books,  close  it  by  Balance  account. 

Should  a  note  not  be  exonerated  at  maturity,  and  you  do  not  conceive  it  a  total  loss,  it  is  best  to  charge  it 
in  account  to  the  drawer  ;  and  il'  a  total  loss,  Profit  and  Loss  must  be  Debited  ;  and  in  both  cases  Bills  Re- 
ceivable Credited  with  the  face  of  the  note. 

5th. — Bills  Payable. 

This  account  is  Credited  with  all  Notes  and  Bonds  you  give  of  your  own 
drawing,  or  that  may  be  unredeemed  at  commencement  of  business;  also, 
Drafts  or  Bills  of  Exchange  w'hich  you  accept  for  a  definite  period,  and  Debit- 
ed with  the  same  when  taken  up.  This  account^  like  Bills  Receivable,  natural- 
ly closes  of  itself,  and  if  not  found  closed  on  winding  up  your  books,  close  to 
Balance  account. 

6th. — Bank. 

This  account  is  Debited  with  all  Cash,  Notes,  and  Bonds  deposited,  and 
Credited  with  all  Cash  and  Obligations  drawn.  It  is  closed  by  or  to  Balance  if 
there  appears  a  difference  in  its  footings  on  ivinding  up  your  books. 

As  the  Leger  is  the  minor  in  which  all  your  aftairs  are  to  be  represented,  under  no  consideration  omit 
this  account.     The  more  you  reflect  upon  its  importance,  the  more  you  will  be  in  favor  of  its  adoption. 

7th. — Interest,  Discount,  Brokerage,  Premium,  Protest,  &c. 

This  account  is  Debited  with  the  interest  or  discount  on  all  your  Notes, 
Bonds,  Cash,  Sums  you  allow  on  Accounts  Current,  &c.,  and  for  the  use  of 
money  and  goods  of  whatever  kind,  and  Credited  wdth  the  like  sums  allowed 
you  by  others ;  whether  said  sums  Uccrue  from  the  natural  tenor  of  an  obliga- 
tion or  otherw' ise.     On  winding  up  your  books,  it  is  closed  to  or  by  Profit  and  Loss 

8th. — Expense. 

To  this  account  you  Debit  the  incidental  sums  paid  for  carrying  on  your  bu- 
siness: such  as  clerk-hire,  store-rent,  cartage,  letter-postage,  newspapers,  &:c., 
&c.,  and  Credited  with  any  sum  allowed  by  others,  which  has  been  previously 
disposed  of  as  an  expense  to  yourself.     It  is  closed  by  Profit  and  Loss. 

9th. — Individual  AccpuNTs, 

These  accounts  are  numerous,  and  are  known  by  the  respective  names  of 
each  individual  to  which  are  Debited  all  goods  sold  from  time  to  time,  that  are 
not  settled  for;  and  are  also  Debited  for  that  which  you  may  pay,  or  are  allow- 
ed on  account,  and  receive  a  Credit  for  the  Cash  or  value  of  the  thing  received 
from  time  to  time,  as  compensation  or  otherwise.  They  are  likewise,  under 
certain  circumstances.  Debited  or  Credited  with  the  amount  of  accommodation 
transactions.  Also,  Credited  with  the  amount  of  any  goods  you  may  purchase 
on  account,  and  for  Bills  drawn  on  others.  These  accounts,  on  winding  up 
your  books,  are  closed  to,  or  by,  Balance  account. 

[  18] 


INTRODUCTION. 

10th. — Profit  and  Loss. 

To  this  account,  on  or  before  winding  up  your  books,  you  close  the  gain, 
expense  or  loss  of  all  such  accounts  as  represent  a  gain,  expense  or  loss.  And 
likewise,  you  Debit  or  Credit  it,  as  the  case  may  be,  from  time  to  time,  with 
any  sum  that  may  arise,  which  you  conceive  to  be  a  gain  or  loss;  and  its  bal- 
ance, on  the  final  closure,  shows  your  net  Gain  or  Loss,  as  the  case  may  be,  in 
business.     On  winding  up  your  hooks,  it  is  closed  to,  or  by,  Stock. 

11th. — Stocks,  Real  Estate,  &c. 

If  you  own  Stock  in  a  Company,  real  estate,  or  property  of  whatsoever  kind, 
on  which  you  would  ascertain  at  pleasure,  the  gain  or  loss,  in  consequence  of 
said  claim,  you  must  keep  an  account  with  it  under  its  proper  title,  and  Debit 
and  Credit  it  with  all  its  expenses  and  gains  as  they  occur.  Accounts  of  this 
kind,  on  ivinding  up  your  books,  arc  closed  to,  or  by,  Pro/it  and  Loss  for  their  gain 
or  loss,  and  by  Balance  for  the  estimated  .value  of  the  thing  or  claim  represented, 

12th. — Intrusted  Real  Estate,  Stocks,  Bonds,  &c. 

If  you  hold  property  of  any  description  in  trust  for  others,  it  must  appear  on 
your  books  in  the  representative  account  of  those  you  hold  i^t  for,  and  Debits 
and  Credits  made  to  it  as  they  occur.  And  the  individual  for  whom  you  hold 
said  Real  Estate,  &c.  must  generally  be  credited  for  its  value  at  the  time  it 
comes  into  your  possession,  and  debited  when  it  passes  from  your  control. 
Accounts  of  this  kind,  that  are  not  found  closed  on  winding  up  your  books,  must 
he  closed  for  the  Gain  or  Loss  that  appear  on  them,  to  the  personal  account  of  the 
individual  or  individuals  for  whom  you  hold  said  intrusted  Real  Estate,  Stocks, 
or  Bonds;  and  by  Balance  for  the  estimated  value  of  said  property  represented, 

13th. — Consignments  to  You. 

If  you  receive  goods  to  Sell  on  Commission,  a  copy  of  the  invoice  of  said 
goods  is  usually  made  on  your  C.  I.  Book,  the  owner  getting  no  credit  for  the 
same  at  the  time.  But  an  account  is  opened  at  once  on  your  Leger,  naming 
the  Consignments,  and  Debits,  and  Credits  made  to  it  as  they  occur.  When  the 
goods  are  all  sold,  an  Account  Current  is  made  out  and  remitted  to  the  Con- 
signer, and  the  representative  account  should  then  be  closed  for  its  balance  to 
the  personal  account  of  said  Consigner;  to  whose  personal  account  is  debited 
advances  or  sums  paid  from  time  to  time  on  account  of  said  intrusted  mei'chan- 
dise.  In  case  the  Consigner  of  the  merchandise  does  not  receive  any  compen- 
sation on  account  and  previous  to  the  entire  sales,  and  should  require  of  you 
to  remit  the  balance  due  on  said  sales  when  the  goods  are  all  disposed  of,  the 
account  of  Sales  will  be  closed  to  that  (under  I..eger  title,)  which  you  pay  for  or 
send,  instead  of  his  personal  account.  Accounts  of  this  kind,  that  remain  open 
on  winding  up  your  books,  are  closed  to,  or  by,  Balance. 

14th. — Consignments  by  You  and  Adventures. 

If  you  send  goods  to  others  for  sale  on  your  account,  you  do  not  charge  said 
goods  to  the  account  of  the  individual  to  whom  they  are  intrusted,  but  open  an 
account  with  the  name  of  the  place;  as  "Shipment  to  Canton  No.  1,  or  A.," 
or  "Consignment  to  A,  B,  or  C,"  and  charge  said  account  with  the  amount  of 

[  19]^ 


INTRODUCTION. 

goods.  When  you  receive  an  account  sales  of  said  goods,  the  account  is  cred- 
ited with  the  same,  and  the  individual  to  whom  they  were  consigned  is  debited. 
If  these  consignments  are  made  jointly  with  others,  they  become  company 
adventures.  In  which  case,  your  representative  account  becomes  "Shipment 
to  (naming  the  place  where  shipped,)  Co.  A,  B,  or  C,"  and  each  partner  is  De- 
bited or  Credited  with  his  portion,  as  per  agreement. 

This  class  of  accounts  are  closed  to^or  by,  Profit  and  Loss,  if  you  have  received 
an  account-sales;  if  not,  on  winding  up  your  books,  by  Balance. 

15th. — Speculations. 

In  Speculations  an  account  is  opened  with  each  article :  as  "  Sugar  A,  or  No.  1 ;'' 
and  to  which  you  Debit  its  cost  and  give  a  credit  when  disposed  of.  When  full 
sales  are  made,  these  accounts  are  closed  to  or  by  Profit  and  Loss,  for  their  gain  or 
loss.  If  Speculations  are  made  in  company  with  others,  the  title  becomes,  as  for 
instance  "  Sugar  Co.  A,  or  No.  1,"  which  account  is  Debited  to  the  aggregate  amount 
of  said  speculation  or  adventure ;  and  each  partner  is  Credited  in  account  personal 
by  the  amount  he  advances,  and  Debited  in  case  he  falls  in  your  debt  on  account  of 
entering  into  said  joint  speculation.  These  accounts,  when  entire  sales  are  made, 
are  closed  to  each  partner's  personal  account,  proportionable  each  to  their  respect- 
ive shares.  When  others  transact  the  business  of  a  company  speculation,  they  must 
be  paid  or  credited  with  your  share  in  the  onset,  and  your  company  account  of 
speculation  Debited  with  the  amount ;  on  return  sales  said  account  must  be  credited, 
and  the  person  who  disposed  of  the  goods  Debited  if  payment  is  not  made.  Jic- 
counts  of  this  kind  that  you  have  not  received  the  return-sales,  or  when  a  whole  or  a 
Dart  of  the  goods  remain  in  your  possession  undisposed  of,  on  winding  up  your  hooks, 
are  closed  to,  or  by,  Balance. 

16th. — Commission. 

To  this  account  you  Credit  all  sums  allowed  you  on  the  sale  of  intrusted 
goods,  and  Debit  the  amount  you  allow  others.  On  winding  up  your  books,  it 
is  closed  by  Profit  and  Loss. 

17th. — Loan. 

To  this  account,  when  desirable,  you  Debit  all  sums  of  money  lent  and  paid, 
and  Credit  all  sums  borrowed. 

18th. — Suspense. 

To  this  account  the  commission  merchant  Credits  the  value  of  such  goods  when  sold,  as  from  accident  or 
carelessness  he  is  unable  to  assign  an  owner,  and  gives  a  Debit  to  the  same,  when  the  owner  appears.  Also, 
when  Cash  or  other  part  of  your  capital  in  Uade  is  withdrawn  from  your  Stock,  for  an  uncertain  and  unde- 
fined puipose,  place  the  value  thereof,  for  the  time  being,  to  this  account. 

19th. — Storage. 

To  this  account  you  Credit  all  sums  allowed  you  for  Storage  ot  goods,  aJid  Debit  the  amount  you  allow 
others.     On  winding  up  your  books,  it  is  closed  to,  or  by.  Profit  and  Loss. 

20th. — Debentures. 

iTo  this  account  is  Debited  that  negotiable  instrument  issued  by  the  Custom  House,  for  the  drawback  of 
Duties  on  imported  goods,  when  exported  according  to  Law,  and  Credited  When  taken  up.  1/  noi  found 
closed  on  winding  up  your  books,  close  by  Balance. 

[  20  1 


INTRODUCTIOx\. 

21  ST. — Collector  ok  Customs. 

To  this  account  you  Credit  all  Bonds  given  for  duties  on  goods  imported,  and  Debit  the  same  when  taken 
up.     If  not  found  closed  on  winding  up  your  books^  close  to  Balance. 

To  Bills  receivable,  and  Bills  Payable,  may  be  and  is  most  generally  posted  the  obligations  referred  to  in 
the  two  last  accounts. 

22d. — Debts  Payable. 

This  account  is  often  used  by  Auction  and  Commission  Merchants  to  avoid  opening  many  small  accouiKts 
in  the  Lager,  to  which  they  Credit  the  amount  due  on  irregular  Sales,  and  Debit  the  same  when  paid,  without 
regard  to  priority  of  dates.  And  often  on  arranging  the  affairs  of  a  deceased  person,  this  account  is  used  for 
the  purpose  of  bringing  the  Debts  of  the  estate  within  a  narrow  compass,  so  tliat  they  may  be  examined  at  a 
single  glance.  If  not  found  closed  on  winding  up  your  books,  close  each  respective  individual  amount  to 
Balance. 

23d. — Debts  Receivable. 

This  account  is  used  for  the  same  convenience  as  the  above.  '' 

24th. — Balance. 

This  account  is  usually  opened  when  you  are  prepared  to  close  your  books, 
and  intend  transferring  your  accounts  to  a  new  set,  and  to  which  all  accounts, 
not  otherwise  disposed  of,  are  closed. 

If  your  object  be  merely  to  close  your  Leger  for  a  given  time,  and  continue 
on  in  the  same  book,  the  accounts  which  would  be  closed  to  or  by  Balance  in 
case  of  a  transfer,  should  be  closed  to  or  by  New  Account,  and  opened  to  or  by 
Old  Account. 

CLOSING  BOOKS. 

On  closing  books,  there  are  preparatory  steps  in  which  many  accountants, 
from  seldom  having  it  to  do,  often  err,  and  consequently  find  themselves  in 
much  confusion,  and  not  a  little  to  their  discomfort,  completely  at  a  stand. 

When  you  have  come  to  this  point,  it  requires  only  a  pause  and  reflection. 
Merchandise  is  generally  the  first  account  examined,  after  all  accounts  in  the 
Leger  are  footed,  and  an  inventory  of  your  goods  has  been  taken  at  cost. — 
Reflect — Merchandise  has  been  Debited  with  all  goods  bought,  and  Credited 
with  all  sold.  Now  it  is  very  clear,  if  you  add  to  the  Credit  side  of  Merchan- 
dise, the  amount  of  goods  remaining  unsold,  as  per  Invoice,  (let  this  be  done 
with  a  pencil,)  the  difference  in  the  foo4:ings  of  the  two  columns  will  be  the 
gain  or  loss  on  this  account. 

ILLUSTRATED. 

Supposing  the  Debit  fooling  is  $15,000 — the  Credit  footing  $10,000 — the  amount  of  goods  in  store,  as  per 
invoice,  $7,000,  which,  added  to  the  Credit  footii>g,  makes,  $17,000,  the  difference  between  the  columns 
becomes  $2,000,  in  favor  of  the  Credit  side,  and  consequently  presents  a  gain  by  this  sum.  For  which  gain, 
Merchandise  should  be  Debited,  and  Profit  and  Loss  C'redited.  This  entry  being  made,  and  you  having 
rubbed  out  your  pencil  calculation,  the  new  Debit  footing  becomes  increased  to  $17,000,  and  the  difference 
is  now  $7,000  in  favor  of  the  Debit  side,  which  is  correct,  being  tl\e  amonnt  of  goods  in  store,  as  per  invoice. 
Your  account  being  thus  adjusted,  you  are  prepared  to  close  it  with  others,  by  Balance. 

So  of  all  accounts  which  represent  a  gain  or  loss  on  the  iking  or  claim,  stili 
remaining  in  your  possession,  whether  it  be  Stock  in  a  Steam-boat,  Ship,  Bank, 
Insurance,  Real  Estate,  or  other  property;  you  make  the  like  calculation,  and 

[21] 


INTRODUCTION. 

give  to  Profit  and  Loss  the  gain  or  loss  on  said  account  for  the  time  taken,  and 
then  close  hy  Balance. 

OF  ACCOUNTS,  AND  THEIR  DIVISIONS. 

As  a  general  division,  there  may  be  said  to  be  two  classes  of  accounts.  Per 
sonal  and  Representative. 

Personal  Accounts  are  such  as  have  for  their  title  an  individual  name,  as 
F.  W.  Thomas,  Samuel  Eells,  or  the  name  of  a  company,  as  J.  M.  &  S. 
Broadwell,  Patent  Arms  Man'g.  Co. 

Representative  Accounts  are  such  as  are  used  for  a  specified  purpose;  as 
Expense, — an  account  showing  the  aggregate  of  your  expenses;  Cash, — an 
account  showing  the  amount  of  money  expended  and  received;  Bills  Receiva- 
ble,— an  account  showing  the  amount  of  Notes,  Bonds,  and  the  like  you  may 
hold  against  others.  The  following,  and  similar  accounts,  are  all  Representa- 
tive:— Stock,  Interest,  Discount,  Profit  and  Loss,  Merchandise,  Bills  Payable, 
Commission,  Bank,  Storage,  Debentures,  Collector  of  Customs,  Loan,  Debts 
Payable,  Debts  Receivable,  Patent  Arms  Co.'s  Sales,  Patent  Arms  Man'g.  Co.'s 
Stock,  Life  and  Fire  Ins.  Co.'s  Stock,  Simmons'  Plantation,  etc.  etc. 

I  do  not  deem  the  above  general  division  of  any  material  importance  to  the 
learner  or  an  accountant,  but  the  following  division  is  of  the  utmost  importance, 
and  should  be  well  understood. 

Book-keeping  has  its  basis  in  five  different  classes  of  accounts,  viz:  1st. — 
Merchandise.  2d. — Accounts  arising  from  owning  Stocks,  Real  Estate,  and 
the  general  agency  of  the  like.  3d. — Accounts  arising  from  receiving  and 
selling  goods  on  commission.  4th. — Accounts  representing  the  amount  of 
goods  consigned  to  others  to  be  sold  on  commission.  5th. — Accounts  repre- 
senting each  article  bought  and  sold,  which  are  generally  confined  to  regular 
speculations,  and  are  termed  Speculating  Accounts. 

Agreeable  to  the  first  general  division,  these  five  classes,  which  form  the  basis 
of  the  science,  are  all  representative  accounts.  And  the  accounts  that  may 
arise  to  form  a  balance  to  the  business  operations  of  any  of  these  five  classes, 
may  be  either  personal  or  representative  accounts. 

In  the  preceding  pages,  under  the  head  of  "Rules  of  Accounts,"  I  have  par 
ticularized  as  great  a  number  of  accounts  as  seemed  necessary  to  unfold  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  learner  a  complete  mastery  of  the  science,  and  no  more.  By 
studying  them  well,  and  applying  them  to  the  Journalizing  of  the  Day  Book 
entries,  you  will  never  find  in  practice  any  difficulty  in  forming  an  account  to 
suit  any  purpose  or  convenience  you  may  wish;  for  all  accounts,  with  the 
exception  of  the  five  classes  which  form  the  basis  of  the  science,  and  those 
considered  as  personal,  in  the  first  division  here  given  ;  and  to  which  we 
may  add  the  account  of  Profit  and  Loss,  are  entirely  arbitrary,  and  used  at 
pleasure. 

JOURNALIZING. 

Most  authors  who  have  attempted  an  exposition  of  this  science,  have  given 
their  explanations  under  this  title;  and  in  many  instances,  I  have  no  hesitation 
in  saying,  and  without  fear  of  refutation,  that  the  accumulated  arguments  and 
illustrative  examples  under  this  head,  have  only  tended  to  mantle  the  whole 
subject  in  clouds  and  darkness.     On  reading  them,  vou  will  find,  in  most  cases, 

[  22  1 


INTRODUCTION 

tnat  you  must  first  become  a  book-keeper,  in  order  to  understand  what  ideas 
are  intended  to  be  conveyed.  And  being  an  accountant,  you  may  not  unfre- 
quently  pass  a  friendly  smile  upon  groups  of  smoke  and  airy  nothing.  For 
my  part,  (not  seeming  to  want,  iiowever,  any  veneration  for  my  worthy  pre- 
decessors,) 1  am  perfectly  willing  to  let  all  of  this  kind  of  illustration  "  down 
the  wind  to  pray  at  fortune,"  and  try  no  longer  to  sustain  by  props  a  tree  of 
such  growth,  that  after  a  faithful  culture  of  nearly  three  hundred  years,  has  not 
now  sufficient  strength  to  sustain  itself.  In  the  place  of  these  twenty  or  thirty 
pages  of  explanations  and  illustrations,  I  would  introduce  to  your  thoroucrh 
acquaintance,  the  Twenty  Four  preceding  Rules,  which  will  give  you,  by  apply- 
ing them  as  directed,  and  with  yery  little  trouble,  a  complete  knowledge  of  the 
theory  of  the  science.  In  studying  these  rules,  bear  in  mind  that  they  explain 
the  titles  or  accounts  which  form  the  science;  and  in  Journalizing,  your  business 
is  simply  to  give  such  of  these  Leger  titles  to  the  amount  of  the  Day-book 
entries,  as  the  nature  of  the  business  transaction  requires,  and  is  therein  expres- 
sed.    As  a  general  rwle,  you  may  fix  on  your  mind,  that — 

In  amount,  and  under  Leger  titles,  every  Debit  must  have  a  Credit,  and  vice 
i)ersa^  every  Credit  a  Debit.     Also — 

The  person  or  persons  for  whose  accommodation  a  transaction  has  been 
executed,  must,  in  account  personal  or  representative,  be  Debited  or  Credited, 
as  the  case  may  be,  agreeably  to  the  purport  of  the  Day-book  record.  And 
vice  versa,  (in  order  to  keep  your  Leger  in  constant  balance,  for  the  like  amount 
or  amounts  that  others  may  be  Debited  or  Credited  with,)  you  must,  under  your 
accounts  representative  or  personal,  receive  an  opposite  Debit  or  Credit.   Also — 

The  amount  which  you  receive  or  are  benefitted  by,  must,  under  Leger  titles, 
be  Debited  to  that  which  you  give  or  benefit;  and  vice  versa. 

Note. — You  may  by  this  time,  as  it  has  been  a  custom  of  many  authors  to  give  what  they  call  an  "Infal- 
lible Rule"  for  Journalizing,  be  looking  for  something  of  the  kind  in  this  work.  I  have  seen  so  much  hum- 
bugery  practised  upon  this  word  "  Infallible ;"  so  much  deception  couched  beneath  it ;  and  so  much  error  in 
consequence  of  making  a  general  reliance  upon  this  "  Infallible  Rule ;"  that  if  I  had  formed  in  my  own 
mind  a  rule  of  general  action,  possessing  ever  so  many  excellent  qualities,  I  would  not  apply  to  it,  for  the 
sake  of  making  it  current.,  a  name  or  title  which  is  only  applicable  to  Deity,  and  that  which  may  be  anaUt- 
ically  traced  to  some  of  the  inherent  principles  or  first  laws  of  nature.  Consequently,  I  hope  you  will  not 
look  here  for  infallibilities,  coming  as  this  work  does  from  a  fallible  mind. 

I  must  for  your  better  information  have  you  go  back  to  the  simple  law  of  book-keeping;  study  the  nature 
of  your  day-book  entries;  make  yourself  familiar  with  the  accounts  as  explained  under  the  head  of  "Rules 
of  Accounts;"  and  read  attentively  the  above  general  explanations  on  the  principles  of  Journalizing.  And 
above  all,  look  into  your  Day-Book,  Journal  and  Leger,  and  trace  out  the  principles  there  developed,  and  see 
the  position  of  each  principle,  part  and  portion,  in  its  different  stages.  It  is  true  that  the  general  principle  or 
governing  rule  of  book-keeping,  is  founded  upon  the  principle  of  equilibrium.  The  principle  of  ei^uilibriuju  is 
a  rule  of  mechanism,  founded  upon  certain  laws  of  nature;  which  laws  are  infallible.  But  this  is  no  sort  of 
reason  why  an  author  should  put  several  rules  together  and  dub  them  an  "  Infallible  Rule,"  and  send  it  forth 
to  beguile  the  unwary  and  deceive  the  learner. 

I  look  upon  all  these  infallible  rules  in  the  same  light  as  I  do  the  quack's  pill,  which  is  sent  forth  as  an 
infallible  preventative  to  all  diseases,  or  an  infallible  cure  to  all  complaints.  Did  my  limits  admit,  I  should 
like  to  dwell  longer  upon  this  "  Infallible  Rule." 

[23] 


INTRODUCTION. 
SYNOPSIS  OF  RULES. 

The  following  synopsis  of  the  ten  leading  rules  laid  down  in  the  preceding  pages, 
fliay  be  found  to  answer  a  good  purpose,  in  fixing  the  first  ideas  of  the  nature  and 
object  of  the  principal  accounts,  in  the  minds  of  quite  young  pupils ;  although,  they 
■will  be  found  very  faulty,  if  too  great  a  reUance  is  placed  upon  them. 

1st. — Stock. 

On  opening  books,  stock  account  is  Debited  with  the  amount  you  owe ;  and 
Credited  with  the  amount  of  all  property,  &c.,  in  your  possession. 

2d. — Merchandise. 
Merchandise  is  Debited  with  all  goods  bought ;  and  Credited  with  all  sold. 

3d. — Cash. 

Cash  is  Debited  with  all  money  received ;  and  Credited  with  all  sums  paid  away, 
or  otherwise  disposed  of. 

4th. — Bn.LS  Receivable. 

Bills  Receivable  is  Debited  with  all  Notes,  Bonds,  and  Acceptances,  you  receive ; 
and  Credited  with  the  same  when  they  are  taken  up,  or  disposed  of. 

-    -  5th. — Bills  Payable. 

Bills  Payable  is  Credited  when  you  dispose  of  your  own  Note,  or  accept  a  Bill 
drawn  on  you ;  and  Debited  with  the  same  when  taken  up. 

6th. — Bank. 

Bank  Account  is  Debited  when  you  deposite  money ;  and  Credited  when  with- 
drawn. 

7th. — Interest. 

Interest  Account  is  Debited  for  all  sums  allowed  as  interest  on  Notes,  &c. ;  and 
Credited  with  the  like  svuns  you  receive  from  others. 

8th. — Expense. 

Expense  Account  is  Debited  for  clerk-hire,  store-rent,  and  the  many  little  expen- 
ses that  occur  about  an  establishment. 

9th. — iNDivrouAL  Accounts. 
Individuals  are  Debited  when  they  become  indebted  to  you  on  book-account  j  and 
Credited  when  they  make  a  payment. 

10th. — ^Profit  and  Loss. 
Profit  and  Loss,  on  or  before  closing  books,  is  Debited  with  all  expenses  and 
losses  J  and  Credited  with  all  gains. 

[24] 


DAY-BOOK 


AND 


JOURNAL. 


■New  Orleans^  January  1,  1837. 


Inventory  of  my  Property  with  which  I  commence  business — 

Also,  of  debts  I  owe: 
I  have  in  Merchandise,  as  per  invoice, • ^20,000 


Cash, 


500 


Deposits  in  Merchants'  Bank, • 14,500 

House  and  Lot  No.  35  Canal  street, • 10,000 

Sundry  Notes,  as  per  Bill  Book,  am't  to • 5,700 

There  is  due  me  on  the  accounts  of 

Edmund  B.  Stedman, 2,300 

Samuel  Hewes, 2,100 

John  Holbrook, 1,000 

James  H.  Rice, •  500 

John  Caldwell, 1,200 


/  oioe  as  follows 

To  William  May, |       500 

"  Games  &l  Hardon, 200 

«  James  W.  Carr, 3,O00 

Sundry  Notes,  as  per  Bill  Book,  am't  to ...5.000 


Sold  Wm.  Mav, 

1  hhd.  900  lbs.  Sugar,  (a)  10(j? .$        90 

10  firkins,  1,000  lbs.  Butter,  (a)  14(1? 140 

20     do.      2,000  lbs.  Lard,  ©  Sd? 160 

2  pipes,  250  gs.  Madeira  Wine,©  $2, 500 


6 


Sold  Gaines  &  Hardon,  at  60  days, 

200  lbs.  Loaf  Sugar,  ©  14(f $    28 

1,000  lbs.  Orleans  do.  Q  9(J? 90 

20  pipes,  2,400  gs.  Malaga  Wine,  (a)  70(|? 1,680 


Bo't  of  Gaines  &  Hardon, 

Mdse.  as  per  invoice,  am't  to, 
•     9    - 


Bo't  of  Wm.  May,  500  bush.  Wheat,  ©  ^1, 


Rec'd  Samuel  Hewes'  Note  at  5  mo.  in  full  of  acc't,- 

10   . 


Sold  John  Holbrook,  at  3  mo. 

12  boxes  Raisins,  (a)  ^3, 

6     do.  300  lbs.  Sperm  Candles,  Q  30({?.. 

1,000  lbs.  Cheese,  ©  10^ 

10  hhds.  100  cwt.  SugaV,  (5)  $10, 


36 

90 

-.100 
.1,000 


Rec'd  pursuant  to  Order,  by  the  t  ranees  Mary,  Victor,  from 
Rob't  Trumble,  Lisbon,  Mdse.,  as  per  invoice,  am't  to. -$4,000 
Bonds  at  3  mo.  for  Duties,  at  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem,- •••1,000 
Paid  freight,  &c.  by  Check, 490 

[26] 


57,800 


00 


8,700 


890 


1,798 

800 

500 
2,100 


1,226 


5,490 


00 


00 


00 

00 

00 
00 


00 


00 


January   1,  1837. 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Stock, 

Merchandise, $'20,000 

Cash, , 5001 

Merchants'  Bank, 14  500 

House  and  Lot  No.  35  Canal  street, 10,000 

Bills  Receivable, 5,700 

Edmund  B.  Stedman, .••••. 2,300 

Samuel  Hewes, 2,100 

John  Holbrook, • 1,000 

James  H.  Rice, 500 

John  Caldwell, 1  200 


Stock  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

William  May, ^     500 

Gaines  &  Hardon, 200 

James  W.  Carr, 3,000 

Bills  Payable, 5,000 


William  May  Dr. 

To  Merchandise, 


Gaines  &  Hardon  Dr. 

To  Merchandise, 


Merchandise  Dr. 

To  Gaines  &  Hardon, 
9    — 


Merchandise  Dr. 

To  William  May, 


Bills  Receivable  Dr. 

To  Samuel  Hewes  • 
10 


John  Holbrook  Dr. 

To  Merchandise, 


Merchanise  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Robert  Trumble, $4,000 

Bills  Payable, 1,000 

Merchants' Bank, 400 

[27]  


57,800 


00 


8,700  00 


890 


00 


1,798 

800 

500 
2,100 

l,t>26 


00 

60 

00 

00 

00 


5,490 


New  Orleans,  January  13,  1837. 


Accepted  Robert  Trumble's  Draft  in  favor  of  D.  E.  Font  Le 
Roy,  at  20  days  sight,  


Paid  in  Mdse.  Jas.  W.  Carr's  Order,  in  favor  of  Alex.  Evens, 
16    


James  W.  Carr  to  Eleazer  Porter,  as  per  order,- 


Passed  to  Geo.  Cammack,  my  Note  at  3  mo.  for  Mdse.  as  per 
invoice,  am't  to, r- 1^3,500 

Also,  to  James  S.  Goodrich,  my  Note  at  3  mo.  for  Mdse. 
as  per  invoice,  am't  to, 8,000 


2,000 
100 
150 


00 
00 
00 


Sold  Benj.  W.  Foster,  Mdse.  as  per  invoice,  am't  to  $8,625. 
Rec'd  in  payment,  my  Notes  of  Nov.  15  and  26,  1836,  each 

at  3  mo.  am't  to $3,000 

Robert  A.  Hatcher's  in  his  favor,  dravsrn  Aug.  1st,  1836, 

at  12  mo.  for, 2,000 

Check  on  National  Bank — deposited, 3,000 

Cash,  in  full, 625 


11,500 


21 


Bartered  with  Silas  P.  Scott  sundry  Mdse.  for  a  Note  at  8 
mo.  drawn  July  12th,  1836,  by  Robert  Hemmingway,  in 

favor  of  John  H.  Saxton,  am't  to, 

25   


Sold  Eleazer  Porter, 

10  kegs,  1,400  lbs.  Tobacco,  (dd  12(|? $     168,00 

2  bbls.  65  gs.  Whiskey,  (a)  70(|? 45,50 

2  hhds.250  gs.  St.  Rum,  fa)  $1,30, 325,00 

2  pipes,  250  gs.  Brandy,  f5)  $2, 500,00 


26 


Sold  James  H.  Rice, 

20  pipes,  2,500  gs.  Champaign  Brandy,  (a)  $2, 


Rec'd  of  James  H.  Rice,  Lewis  Shafer's  Note  of  Nov. 

15th,  at  6  mo.  his  favor,  for $2,700 

Gaines  &  Hardon's  order, 500 

Cash, 900 


Sold  John  Holbrook, 

2  pipes,  250  gs.  Gin,f5)  §2, $     500 

10  qr.  casks,  285  gs.  Port  Wine,  CoD  $1, 285 

10  bis.  350  gs.  Whiskey,  (a)  50(1? 175 


27 


Exchanged  Notes  with  Silas  A.  Hudson,  for  his  accommoda- 
tion, each  drawn  at  45  days, 


[28] 


00 


8,625 


3,300 


00 


00 


1,038 
5,000 


4,100 

960 
1,000 


50 
00 


00 


00 
00 


January   13,  1837 


Robert  Trumble  Dr. 
To  Bills  Payable, 


James  W.  Carr  Dr. 

To  Merchandise, 


16 

James  W.  Carr  Dr. 

To  Eleazer  Porter,- • 


Merchandise  Dr. 

To  Bills  Payable,. 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Merchandise, 

Bills  Payable, $3,000 

Bills  Receivable, 2,000 

Merchants'  Bank, 3,000 

Cash, 625 


21 


Bills  Receivable  Dr. 

To  Merchandise,- 


25 


Eleazer  Porter  Dr. 

To  Merchandise, 


James  H.  Rice  Dr. 

To  Merchandise, 


26 


Sundries  Dr.  to  James  H.  Rice, 

Bills  Receivable, $2,700 

Gaines  &  Hardon, 500 


Cash, 


-900 


John  Holbrook  Dr. 

To  Merchandise, 


Bills  Receivable  Dr. 

To  Bills  Payable, 


27 


r29i 


2,000 
100 

150 
11,500 


8,625  00 


00 
00 

00 
00 


3,300 


1,038 


5,000  00 


00 


50 


4,100 


960 


1,000 


00 


00 


oc 


New  Orleans,  January  ''21^  1837. 


John  Caldwell  having  failed,  compounds  at  50  per  cent. 

Rec'din  Cash, $100 

James  R.  Marston's  Note  of  Jan.  6th,  1837,  at  30  days, 

his  favor,  for, 500 

Lost  the  balance, • 600 


28 


Sold  Corwin  &  McPherson  sundry  Mdse.  as  per  invoice, 

am't  to  $578 

Rec'd  in  payment,  my  Note  of  the  27th  inst.  to  Silas  A. 

Hudson,  for. 
And  for  the  balance,  $422,  due  them,  I  have  given  my  Note 

of  this  date,  payable  on  the  17th  of  April. 

31 


Rec'd  the  following  sums  this  month,  as  per  Cash  Book: 

From  James  H.  Rice, $500 

«     Edmund  B.  Stedman, 2,000 


Disposed  of  the  following  sums: 

To  Merchants'  Bank— Deposited, $2,000 

"  Joseph  Law, 50 

«  John  C.  Colt, 100 

"  Expense, 50 


Balance  of  Cash  on  hand,  as  per  Cash  Book, 


Balance  of  Cash  in  Bank,  as  per  Bank  Book,. 


New  Orleans,  February  1,  1837. 
Paid  by  Check  to  the  Protection  Ins.  Co.  for  Insurance  of 

Mdse.  in  store, •• 

. — .     4 


Sold  Edmund  B.  Stedman, 

■     5  ps.  170  yds.  Black  Broad  Cloth,  (a)  $3,. 
4  «     125   «     Blue  do.         (a)  $4,. 

11  «     350"     Calico,  ©  20(|? :• 

10  "     300   «       'do.    (a)  15(1? 


|510 
...500 
....70 
45 


Deposited  James  R.  Marston's  Note  of  June  6th,  1836,  in 
Bank  for  collection, 


Paid  by  Check,  my  acceptance  of  Robert  Trumble's 

D'ft.  of  Jan.  13th,  protested  for  non-payment, $2000.00 

Protest, 1.50 


Sold  Stephen  Girard  sundry  Mdse.  as  per  invoice, 
am't  to  $2,486. 

Rec'd  in  payment  my  Note  of  Sept.  5th,  1836,  for 2,000 

Cash  for  balance, .-•-- 486 

[  30] 


1,200 


1,000 


00 


00 


2,500  00 


2,200 

2,425 

19,010 

200 


00 
00 
00 

00 


1,125 


500 


2,001 


2,486 


00 
00 

50 


00 


January  27,  1837. 


Sundries  Dr.  to  John  Caldwell, 

Cash, I     100 

Bills  Receivable, 500 

Profit  and  Loss, : 600 


28    - 


Bills  Payable  Dr.  To  Sundries, 

Merchandise, $578 

Bills  Payable,  422 


31 


Cash  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

James  H.  Rice, ^  500 

Edmund  B.  Stedman, 2,000 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Cash, 

Merchants' Bank, $2,000 

Joseph  Law, 50 

John  C.  Colt, 100 

Expense, 50 


Cash  New  acc't  Dr. 

To  Old  Acc't,. 


Bank  New  Acc't  Dr. 

To  Old  Acc't, 


February  1,  1837. 
Merchandise  Dr. 

To  Merchants'  Bank, 

4     


Edmund  B.  Stedman  Dr. 

To  Merchandise 


6 


Merchants'  Bank  Dr. 

To  Bills  Receivable,. 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Merchants'  Bank, 

Bills  Payable, $2,000.00 

Interest, 1.50 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Merchandise, 

Bills  Payable, $2,000 

Cash, 4861 


1,200 


00 


1,000 


2,500 


00 


00 


2,200 

2,425 

19,010 

200 
1,125 

500 

2,001 
2,486 


00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

50 
00 


[31] 


New  Orleans^  February  8,  1837. 


Passed  my  Note  at  3  mo.  to  the  Atlantic  Ins.  Co.  for  Insm-- 

ance  of  House  No.  35  Canal  street, 

13    


Sold  James  W.  Carr, 


12  ps.  360  yds, 
5  "    150    " 

2  «      70    « 

2  «      70    « 


Bombazette,  ©  30(1? 108 

Bombazine,  (3)  70(t? 105 

Blue  Broad  Cloth,  ©  $5, 350 

Black        do.         ©  $4, 280 


15 


Lent  Capt.  Henry  Sclden  Cash  on  his  Bottomry  Bond,  to  be 
repaid  to  Robert  Trumble,  on  my  account,  with  10  per 
cent.  prem.  six  days  after  the  arrival  of  his  ship  the  Alii 
sator,  in  the  port  of  Lisbon, 

_-Z 17    


Bo't  of  John  Holbrook,  20  Cords  of  Wood,  ©  ^5, 


Bo't  by  Check,  of  John  M.  Lee,  his  set  of  exchange  at 
10  days  sight,  on  Wm.  L.  Spooner,  London;  Remit- 
ted the  same  to  Robert  Trumble,  on  acc't,  am't  to 

Prem.  at  20  per  cent, 


1,000 
20 


Paid  by  Check  Danforth  Marble's  Note,  as  endorser,- 
— 20    


$108 
•  210 


Sold  James  H.  Rice, 

6  doz.  Common  Blankets,  ©  $18, 

6     "    Mackinaw     do.       (a)  |35, • 

2  ps.  65  yds.  Ribbed  Cassimere,  (a)  $4, 260 

2  «   60    "     Plain  do.         ©$2.50, 150 

2  «    60     "   Blue  Broad  Cloth,  (a)  $5, 300 


Rec'd  of  James  H.  Rice  on  acc't,  Wm.  H.  Marshall's 

Note  of  Jan.  1st,  at  3  mo.  his  favor,  for §800 

Cash, • 300 


21 


Bo't  of  Charles  A.  Miller,  Mdse.  as  per  invoice,  am't 

to  $8,900,  for  which  I  paid  him  my  Note  at  4  mo.  for  $5,000 
Check  for  balance, 3,900j 


—      22 


Robert  Trumble  advises  me,  per  Swiftsure,  that  he  has  re- 
ceived on  my  acc't  of  Capt.  Selden,  Cash  in  full  of  hisj 
Bottomry  Bond,  which  he  has  given  up  as  directed — am't 
of  Bond, $1,300 

10  per  cent,  prem 130 


23 


Sold  Ezekiel  L.  Davis, 

2  ps.  61  yds.  Black  Broad  Cloth,  (a)  $4.50, ^^1i'^^ 

Four  per  cent,  discount  for  Cash, - 

[32] 


10.98 


200 


00 


843 


1.300 
100 


00 


00 
00 


1,020 
2,035 


00 
00 


1,028 


1,100 


8,900 


00 


00 


00 


1,430 


263 


00 


52 


February  8,   1837. 


House  No  35  Canal  street  Dr. 
To  Bills  Payable, 


13 


James  W.  Carr  Dr. 

To  Merchandise, 


Bills  Receivable  Dr 
To  Cash, 


15 


17 

Expense  Dr. 

To  John  Holbrook,- 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Merchants'  Bank, 

Robert  Trumble, $1,000 

Interest, 20 


Danforth  Marble  Dr. 

To  Merchants'  Bank,  ■ 
20  - 


James  H.  Rice  Dr. 

To  Merchandise, 


Sundries  Dr.  to  James  H.  Rice, 

Bills  Receivable, 

Cash, 


$800 
...300 


21 


Merchandise  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Bills  Payable, $5,000 

Merchants'  Bank, 3,900 


22 


Robert  Trumble  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Bills  Receivable, $1,300 

Interest, 130 


23 


Cash  Dr. 


To  Merchandise, 

[33] 


200 
843 

1,300 
100 

1,020 
2,035 

1,028 


00 
00 

00 
00 

00 
00 

00 


1,100 


8,900 


1,430 


263 


00 


00 


00 


52 


5 


New  Orleans^  February  23,  1837. 


Sold  Ephraim  E.  Cooper  sundry  Mdse.  as  per  invoice, 

am't  to  $809.70. 
Rec'd  in  payment,  his  Note  at  3  mo.  which  I  have  sold 

to  Jas.  M.  Page,  broker,  at  10  per  cent,  discount. 

Cash  received, $782.73 

Discount, 86.97 


24 


James  R.  Marston  has  failed  to  pay  his  Note,  which  I 
deposited  in  Bank  for  collection, 


Rec'd  of  James  R.  Marston  on  acc't.  Cash, 

2  ps.  60  yds.  Shirting,  (a)  25(j?, -15 


25   - 


Rec'd  Danforth  Marble's  acceptance,  bearing  date   Feb.  1st, 
1837,  at  1  mo.  for 


Edmund  B.  Stedman  to  John  Holbrook,  as  per  order. 


Sold  John  Holbrook, 

6  doz.  Men's  Gloves,  Cod  $6, 

12     "     Women's  do.,  Q  $5, 

2  ps.  65  yds.  Black  Broad  Cloth,  (a)   $5,- 
2  "     61    "     Brown       do.  ©  |4,... 


■$ 


36 

60 

325 

244 


27 


Bo't  of  Joseph  Kiffin,  Mdse.  as  per  invoice,  am't  to  $900. 
Paid  him  Benj.  Dufield's  Note  of  Sept.  1st,  1836,  for    $1,000 
Interest, 35 


^  Rec'd  the  balance  $135,  in  Cash. 


Rec'd  pursuant  to  order,  by  the  William,  Furguson, 
from  Robert  Trumble,  Lisbon,  Mdse.  as  per  invoice, 
am't  to $3,000 

Bonds  at  3  mo.  for  Duties  at  25  per  cent 750 


Paid  Freight,  &c.  by  Check, 


375 


28 


Sold  to  Robards  &l  Griffith  an  entire  lot  of  Silk,  imported 

from  Lisbon,  subject  to  debenture,  the  same  to  be  exported 

to  Mexico  am't,  as  per  invoice,  to  $5,650.25. 

Rec'd  in  payment  my  Bond  at  the  Custom  House,  for  $750.00 

Their  Note  at  8  mo.  for 2,500.00 

Cash  for  balance — deposited, 2,400.25 


Rec'd  the  following  sums  this  mo.  as  per  Cash  Book, 

For  Mdse $2,080 

"     Rent  of  House  No  35  Canal  street, 450 

[34  1 


869 
500 

70 

2,035 
200 


0 
00 

00 

00 
00 


665 


1,035 


00 


00 


4,125 


5,650 


2,530 


00 


25 


00 


Februanj  23,  1837. 


5 


James  R.  Marston  Dr. 

To  Merchants'  Bank,- 


John  Holbrook  Dr. 

To  Merchandise 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Mercliandise, 

Cash, 

Interest, 


.$782.73 
....  86.97 


24 


Sundries  Dr.  to  James  R.  Marston, 

Cash, 

Merchandise, 


4     55 
15 


Bills  Receivable  Dr. 

To  Danforth  Marble,- 


Edmund  B.  Stedman  Dr. 

To  John  Holbrook, 


27 


Sundries  Dr.  To  Sundries, 

Merchandise,.. 

Cash, 

To  Bills  Receivable, 
"  Interest 


900 
135 


Merchandise  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Robert  Trumble, 

Bills  Payable,  

Merchants'  Bank, 


$3,000 

750 

375 


28 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Merchandise, 

Bills  Payable, - 

Bills  Receivable, 

Merchants'  Bank, 


.$  750.00 
...2,500.00 
...2,400.25 


Cash  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Merchandise,  

House  No.  35  Canal  street, 


$2,080 
450 


869 


500 


70 


2,035 


200 


665 


70 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 


1,000 
35 


00 
00 


4,125 


5,650 


2,530 


00 


25 


00 


[35  J 


Neic  Orleans^  February  "28,  1837. 


Disposed  of  the  following  sums, 

To  John  C.  Colt, $    400 

«  John  Holbrook, 200 

«  Robert  Trumble, 1,500, 


Balance  of  Gash  on  hand,  as  per  Cash  Book,- 


Balance  of  Cash  in  Bank,  as  per  Bank  Book,. 


New  Orleans,  March  1,  1837.        v 
Paid  by  Check  to  Benj.  H.  Gwathmey,  for  10  days 
refusal  of  200  shares  U.  States  Bank  Stock,  present 
value,  $123  per  share, 


2,100 


00 


3,577J25 

I 

11,878  75 


Sold  for  Cash — deposited,  to  Alexander  Anderson,  at 
one  per  cent.  prem.  Danforth  Marble's  Bill  of  accep- 
tance of  Feb.  1st, $2,035.00 

Prem 20.35 


Paid  Chailes  C.  Spencer  $100  per  acre  for  a  plantation 
of  one  hundred  acres,  situated  on  the  Mississippi, 
fifty  miles  above  New  Oi'Ieans,  known  by  the  name 
of  Simmons'  Plantation,  as  follows: 

Mdse.  am'tto, $2,000 

Bouhannan's  Note  of  Dec.  10th,  1836,  for 3,000 

Cash, 2,200 

Check  for  balance, 2,800 


My  house  No.  35  Canal  St.  insured  by  the  Atlantic 
Ins.  Co.  on  the  8th  ult.  for  $6,000,  was  consumed 
by  fire  on  the  1st  inst. — Rec'd  of  said  underwriters 
my  Note  to  them  for  prem $     200 

Cash  for  balance — deposited, 5,800 


100 


00 


2,055 


35 


Presented  to  the  University  of  Vermont,  sundry  book* 

bo't  of  Edmund  B.  Stedman  on  acc't, 

9 


Sold  for  Cash,  to  Geo.  W.  Grover,  Benj.  H.  Gwathmey 's 
refusal  to  me  of  200  shares  of  U.  S.  Bank  Stock, 


I  find  by  examination  that  I  have  gained  on  the  acc't 
of  U.  S.  Bank  Stock, 


Found  Cash  in  Royal  street,  am't  to- 

[36] 


10,000 


00 


6,000 


800 


250 


150 


00 


00 


00 


00 


1,000  00 


February  28,  1837. 


i) 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Cash, 

John  C.  Colt, 

John  Holbrook, 

Robert  Trumble,---- 


$ 


400 
.  200 
1,500 


Cash  New  Acc't  Dr. 

To  Old  Acc't,. 


Bank  New  Acc't  Dr. 

To  Old  Acc't,. 


March  1,  1837. 
U.  S.  Bank  Stock  Dr. 

To  Merchants'  Bank, 


Merchants'  Bank  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Bills  Receivable, 

Interest, 


$2,035.00 
20.35 


Simmons'  Plantation  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Merchandise, 

Bills  Receivable, 

Cash, 

Merchants'  Bank, 


$2,000 
...3,000 
...2,200 

..  2,800' 


Sundries  Dr.  to  House  No.  35  Canal  St. 

Bills  Payable, 

Merchants'  Bank, 


$    200 
...  5,800 


2,100 
3,577 

11,878 

100 


00 
25 
75 

00 


2,055 


35 


10,000 


00 


6 


Profit  and  Loss  Dr. 

To  Edmund  B.  Stedman,. 
9    


Cash  Dr. 


To  U.  S.  Bank  Stock, 


U.  S.  Bank  Stock  Dr. 

To  Profit  and  Loss,. 


Cash  Dr. 


To  Profit  and  Loss, 

[.37] 


6,000 

800 
250 

150 
1,000 


00 

00 
00 

00 
00 


New  Orleans,  March  9,  1837. 


Sold  my  expected  Cotton  Crop  for  this  season,  on  Sim- 
mons' Plantation,  be  the  same  more  or  less,  to  John 
J.  As  tor,  for  $'4,000. 

Rec'd  in  payment  my  Note  of  Jan.  16th,  to  George 

Cammack,  for $'3,500.00| 

Interest, 34.90 

Cash  for  balance — deposited, 465.10 


10 


Paid  Arthur  B.  Crozier  in  Cash,  to  bind  him  in  con- 
tract, and  as  part  payment  for  one  third  of  the  steamer 
Hope,  valued  at  ^10,000,  which  he  is  to  deliver  into 
my  possession  on  her  arrival  in  this  port,  or  forfeit 

the  like  sum  of 

11 


As  Executor  of  the  estate  of  Mrs.  Mary  Clinton,  I 
have  received,  and  hold  in  my  possession,  for  the  ben- 
efit of  her  son  Edward,  the  following  property : 

House  and  Lot  No.  110,  Camp  street,  valued  at $15,500 

100  shares  Planters'  Bank  Stock,  present  value  $115 

per  share, 11,500 

Cash,  deposited 958 


13 


Rec'd  in  Cash  of  Arthur  B.  Crozier,  $500  refunded  money, 
also,  the  like  sum  as  forfeiture,  for  not  delivering  into  my 
possession  the  steamer  Hope,  agreeable  to  contract, 


Rec'd  of  Silas  A.  Hudson,  Cash  for  his  note  of  Jan  27th, 
deposited 


15 


Paid  James  T.  Hostetter,  in  Cash,  to  bind  him  in   contract, 
and  as  part  payment  for  one  fourth   of  the  steamer  Sun 
valued  at  $10,000,  which   he  is  to  deliver  into  my  posses 
sion  on  her  arrival  in  this  port,  or  forfeit  the  like  sum  of,--- 

16 


Rec'd  on  acc't  of  Edward  Clinton,  Romulus  J.  Bowers'  Note 
at  4  mo.  for  balance  of  acc't  which  he  owes  to  the  estate 
of  the  late  Mary  Clinton 


Paid  James  T.  Hostetter,  for  the   balance  due  him  on  the 
steamer  Sun,  as  follows: 

His  Note  of  Aug.  1st,  1836,  for-- $1,700 

Interest, 74 

My  Note  at  6  mo.  for 4,000 

Check  for  balance 3,426 


20 


Passed  my  Note  at  6  mo.  for  Sdward  Clinton,  to  William 
Parry,  for  balance  due  him  from  the  estate  of  the  late  Mary 

Clinton 

[3S] 


4,000 


00 


500 


00 


27,958 

1,000 
1,000 

800 
1,400 


00 

00 
00 

00 
00 


9,200 


1,200 


00 


00 


March  9,  1837. 


10 
2 


10 

10 

10 

3 


2 
10 

7 

3 
4 


10 
2 


4 
10 

10 
4 
9 
6 
3 


10 
6 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Simmons'  Plantation, 

Bills  Payable, 

Interest, 

Merchants'  Bank. 


$3,500.00 

34.90 

465.10 


10 


Steamer  Hope  Dr. 

To  Cash,. 


11 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Edward  Clinton, 

House  and  Lot  No.  110  Camp  street, ^15,500] 

Planters'  Bank  Stock,...- 11,500 

Merchants'  Bank, 958 


13 


Cash  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Steamer  Hope, 

Profit  and  Loss, 


S500 
..500 


Merchants'  Bank  Dr. 

To  Bills  Receivable, 
15 


Steamer  Sun  Dr. 

To  Cash, 


16 

Bills  Receivable  Dr. 

To  Edward  Clinton, 


4,000 


00^ 


500 


00 


27,958  00 


Steamer  Sun  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Bills  Receivable, $1,700 

Interest, 74 

Bills  Payable, 4,000 

Merchants'  Bank, 3,42C 


20 


Edward  Clinton  Dr. 

To  Bills  Payable,. 


1,000 
1,000 

800 
1,400 


00 
00 

00 
00 


[39] 


9,200 
1,200 


00 

00 


8 


New  Orleans,  March  27,  1837. 


Rec'd  from  the  executors  of  my  father-in-law's  estate,  as  fol 
lows: 

Sundry  Notes,  amounting  to $4,500 

A  deed  for  1,000  acres  of  Texas  lands,  valued  at 5,000 

Cash— deposited, 10,000 


Paid  Henry  Brown,  as  per  contract,  for  rebuilding  my 

house.  No.  35,  Canal  st.my  Note  at  6  mo.  for $5,000 

Check  for  balance, 2,500 


28 


Paid  by  Check,  Danforth  Marble's  Bill  of  acceptance, 
of  Feb.  1st,  sold  to  Alexander  Anderson,  March  2d, 
returned  protested $2,035.00 

Damages  at  7  per  cent 142.45 


19,500 


00 


r,500 


00 


Paid  Cash  prem.  to  Baltimore  Life  Ins.  Co.  as  insur- 
ance on  my  natural  life,  for  their  obligations  in  favor 
of  my  heirs,  amounting  to $10,000 

Premium, 850 


31 


Rec'd  the  following  sums  this  month,  as  per  Cash  Book: 

For  Merchandise, $150 

"     Rent  of  House,  No.  110,  Camp  street, 300 

From  James  R.  Marston, 100 


2,177 


10,850 


45 


00 


Disposed  of  the  following  sums: 

To  John  C.  Colt, $300 

"   Joseph  Law, 50 

««   Edward  Clinton, 250 


Balance  of  Cash  on  hand,  as  per  Cash  Book, 


Balance  of  Cash  in  Bank,  as  per  Bank  Book, 


550 


00 


■    New  Orleans,  April  1,  1837. 
Paid  by  Check,  Robert  Trumble's  D'ft  in  favor  of  Perdy  S. 

Geraldjon  me  at  sight, 

3     


Deposited  the  following  Notes  in  Bank  for  collection: 

Wm.  H.  Marshall's,  of  Jan.  3d,  due  2d  inst $800 

F.  K.  Martin's,  of  Dec.  2d,  1836,  due  5th  inst 3,500 


[40] 


600 
1,427 

21,153 
4,000 

4,300 


00 
25 

75 
00 

00 


March  27,  1837. 


8 


1 

4 

10 

3 


2 
1 

10 

9 


10 

2 
2 

3 
3 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Stock, 

Bills  Receivable, • 

Texas  Lands, 

Merchants'  Bank, 


$4,500 

...5,000 

10,000 


House  No.  35,  Canal  St.  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Bills  Payable, 

Merchants'  Baak, 


|5,000 
.  2^00 


28 


Danforth  Marble  Dr. 

To  Merchants'  Bank,. 


Bills  Receivable  Dr. 

To  Expectancies,. 


Profit  and  Loss  Dr. 
To  Cash 


31 


Cash  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Merchandise, 

House  No.  110,  Camp  St. 
James  R.  Marston, 


$150 
...300 
...100 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Cash, 

John  C.  Colt, 

Joseph  Law, 

Edward  Clinton, 


$300 
.!.  50 
..250 


Cash  New  Acc't  Dr. 

To  Old  Acc't,. 


Bank  New  Acc't  Dr. 

To  Old  Acc't, 


April  1,  1837. 
Robert  Trumble  Dr. 

To  Merchants'  Bank, 

3    


Merchants'  Bank  Dr. 

To  Bills  Receivable, 


[411 


19,500 

7,500 
2,177 

10,000 
850 


00 


00 


45 


00 


00 


550 

600 

1,427 

21,153 

4,000 
4,300 


00 

00 
25 

75 

00 

00 


New  Orleans,  April  5,  1837. 


Tlec'd  from  Patent  Arms  Co.  of  Patcrson,  by  the  brig  Mar 
garet,  Scarborough,  Mdse.  as  per  C.  I.  B.  am't  to  $6,000,  to  be 
sold  on  their  sccount. 

Paid  Freight,  Drayage,  &c.  by  Check, $    390 

Also,  by  Check,  their  D'ft  at  sight,  in  favor  of  Capt. 

Scarborough,  for 2,000 


Rec'd  of  Gaines  &  Hardon,  of  this  city,  Mdse.  as  per  C. 
I.  B.  am't  to  $3,000,  to  be  sold  on  their  account. 

Paid  Cash  for  Di'ayage,  &c • $    6.50 

In  advance,  by  Clieck, 200.00 


8 


Sold  Eleazer  Porter,  at  3  mo.  as  per  C.  S.  B.  Patent 

Arms  Co.'s  goods,  am't  to $800 

Gaines  &  Hardon's  do 350 


10 


Sold  Thomas  M.  Kane,  Jr.  for  his  Note  at  30  days, 

Patent  Arms  Co.'s  goods,  as  per  C.  S.  B.  am't  to 

11 


Sold  McDonald  &  Kerkpatrick,  for  Cash,  as  per  C.  S.  B. 

Patent  Arms  Co.'s  goods,  am't  to--- $300 

Gaines  &  Hardon's' do 110 

From  Store,  as  per  S.  B -■■> 150 


12    ^- 


Rec'd  from  Robert  Trumble,  of  Lisbon,  per  ship  Friend 
Fulton,  Mdse.  as  per  C.  I.  B.  am't  to  $5,760,  to  be  sold  on 
his  account. 

Bonds  at  3  mo.  for  Duties  at  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  $1,440.00 
Paid  Freight,  Drayage,  &c.  by  Check, 221,50 


14 


Paid  by  Check,  my  Bond  of  Jan.  10th,  at  the  Custom 

House,  for 

15 


Sold  Joseph  T.  Shinder  the  remainder  of  Gaines  & 
Hardon's  goods,  as  per  C.  S.  B.  for  his  Note  at  3 
mo.  in  their  favor,  which  I  have  delivered  to  them, 

The  whole  amount  of  their  sales  is  $2,240.50. 

My  com.  at  5  per  cent,  is, $    112.02 

Charges  posted  $6.50. 

Balance  of  Sales  to  be  closed  to  their  credit, 2,121.98 


Paid  Cash  to  James  Bennett,  he  appearing  to  be  the 
owner  of  this  sum,  which  I  found  in  Royal  street 
on  the  9th  ult 


[42] 


2,390 

206 

1,150 
750 


00 

50 

00 
00 


560 


1,661 


1,000 


1,780 


2,234 


1,000 


00 


50 
00 

50 

00 
00 


Journal. 


Gaines  &Hardon's  Sales, 
Gaines  &  Hardon, 


11 


Diis. 


Patent  Arms  Co.'s  Sales,  ■ 
Patent  Arms  Co 


Crs. 


Eleazer  Porter,- 


Bills  Receivable,- 


Cash, 


Trumble's  Sales,- 


Bills  Payable, 


6  Gaines  &  Hardon, 

11  Gaines  &  Hardon's  Sales, 


390 
2,000 


6 
200 


1,150 


750 


560 


00 


00 


00 


Profit  and  Loss, .«.. 


1,661 


1,000 


1,780 
2,234 


1,000 


50 


00 


00 


11 


Merchants'  Bank,. 


Cash, 

Merchants'  Bank,- 


Patent  Arms  Co.'s  Sales, 
Gaines  &  Hardon's  Sales, 


Patent  Arms  Co.'s  Sales 


Patent  Arms  Co.'s  Sales 
Gaines  &  Hardon's  Sales 
Merchandise, 


Bills  Payable,' 

Merchants'  Bank,- 


Merchants'  Bank, 


Gaines  &  Hardon's  Sales 

Commission, 

Gaines  &  Hardon, 


Cash,- 


2,390 


9 


00 


6 
200 


800 
350 


750 


300 
110 
150 


1,440 
221 


1,000 


1,780 

112 

2,121 


1,000  00 


50 
00 


00 
00 


00 


00 
00 
00 


00 
50 


00 


50 

02 

98 


[43  J 


10 


New  Orleans^  April  15,  1837. 


:Rec'd  from  the  European  Man'g  Co.  of  Calcutta,  by  the 
ship  Elizabeth,  Caldwell,  Mdse.  as  per  C.  I.  B.  am't  to  $5,7G0, 
to  be  sold  immediately  on  account  of  Duncan  C.  Pell,  of 
London. 

Bonds  at  4  mo.  for  Duties  at  25  per  cent ^1,440.00 

Check  for  Freight,  &c 950.25 

Cash  for  Drayage,&c 15.38 


17 


Paid  at  the  Orleans  Bank  by  Check,  my  Note  of  Jan. 

16th,  in  favor  of  James  S.  Goodrich,  for $8,000 

3  mo.  Interest, 140 


18 


Total  am't,  as  per  C.  S.  B.  Pell's  Sales  as  sold  by  Ed- 
ward C.  Blackburn,  Auctioneer,  is  as  deposited, 

Blackburn's  \k  per  cent.  Cash  com.  .•••. $178.38 

Paid  Cash  to  Porters,  &c 8.50 


186.88 
My  3J  percent,  com 416.21 

Advertising,  ivhich  I  pay  by  the  year, 3.50 


19 


Sent  Duncan  C.  Pell,  pursuant  to  order,  by  the  Craig,  Bal 
lenger,  his  acc't  sales,  together  with  bullion  for  balance  due 
on  acc't. 

Paid  Cash  for  Premium  and  Insurance, $    488.38 

Check  paid  balance  of  bullion  sent, 8,391.39 


20 


Sold  for  Cash — deposited,  to  Edward  Huntington,  Pat- 
ent Arms  Co.'s  goods,  as  per  C.  S.  B $1,200 

Trumble's  do ^ 2,500 


21 


Sold  Jas.  A.  Johnson,  Trumble's  goods  as  per  C.  S.  B.  $3,333.33 
From  Store,  as  per  S.  B 1,110.50 


Rec'd  in  payment  Robert  Trumble's  D'ft  in  his  favor  for 
$5,000,  drawn  at  10  days  sight  on  Corwine  &  Stamper, 
which  they  refuse  to  accept. 

'Paid  the  balance  by  Check, 

22 


Rec'd  from  Patent  Arms  Co.  of  Paterson,  by  the  ship  Har 
vey,  Case,  Mdse.  as  per  C.  I.  B.  am't  to  $8,500,  to  be  sold 
on  their  acc't. 

Paid  Freight,  Drayage,  &c.  in  Cash, 

Also,  have  paid  by  Check,  for  the  honor  of  said  Com- 
pany, their  D'ft  on  L.  Lepert,  protested  for  non- 
payment,   $2,801.50 

My  Brokerage,  one-fourth  per  cent 7.00 


[44] 


2/105 

8,140 
11,891 

606 


63 

00 
99 

59 


8,879 

3,700 

4,443 

556 

430 


2,808 


71 


OG 


17 


00 


50 


Drs. 


Journal 


12 


3 
12 


12 


Pell's  Sai  fl,. 


Bills  Payable, 
Interest, 


Merchants'  Bank,- 
Pell's  Sales, 


Pell's  Sales,. 


Merchants'  Bank,- 


Robert  Trumble, 


Crs. 


10 


Patent  Arms  Co.'s  Sales, 
Patent  Arms  Co 


2,405 


8,000 
140 


11,891 

606 


8,879 


3,700 


5,000 


430 

2,808 


63 


77 


00 


00 


Bills  Payable, 

Merchants'  Bank,- 
Cash, , 


Merchants'  Bank,- 


Pell's  Sales,- 

Cash, 

Commission,- 
Expense, 


Cash, 

Merchants'  Bank,- 


Patent  Arms  Co.'s  Sales 
Trumble's  Sales, 


Trumble's  Sales,  • 

Merchandise, 

Merchants'  Bank,- 


Cash    

Merchants'  Bank,- 
Interest,  


1,440 

950 

15 


8,140 


11,891 

186 

416 

3 


488 
8,391 


1,200 
2,500 


3,333 

1,110 

556 


430 
2,801 

7 


00 
25 
38 


00 


99 
88 
21 
50 


38 
39 


00 
00 


33 
50 
17 


00 
50 
00 


r  45  1 


11 


New  Orleans,  April  26,  1837. 


Sold   for    Cash — deposited,  the  remainder  of  -Robert 

Trumble's  goods  as  per  C.  S.  B.  am't  to 

/  now  render  him  an  acc't  sales,  and  transfer  the  bal- 
ance to  his  personal  acc't. 
Amount  of  Sales,  §'7,843.83, 

My  com.  at  5  per  cent,  is -$392.19 

Charges  posted,  $1,661.50.  ' 

Balance  of  sales  in  his  favor, $5,790.14 


28 


Sold  for   Cash  to  Edward  Warren,  Patent  Arms  Co.'s 

goods  as  per  C.  S.  B $l,500i 

From  Store,  as  per  S.  B 500; 


29 


Paid  in  Cash  Patent  Arms    Co.'s  D'ft  in  favor  of  Wm. 

T.  Smith  on  me  at  sight, $1,000 

Also  by  Check,  theirs  of  the  11  inst.  at  sight  in  favor 

ofWm.H.  January, 2,000 


Rec'd  the  following  sums  this  month,  as  per  Cash-Book: 

From  Merchants'  Bank, $1,000 

«     John  Holbrook,... 1,386 


Disposed  of  the  following  sums: 
To  Merchants'  Bank — deposited---- 

"  John  C.    Colt, 

"  Joseph  Law, 

"  Expense, •••- 


•$2,000 

450 

150 

300 


Balance  of  Cash  on  hand,  as  per  Cash-Book,- 


Balance  of  Cash  in  Bank,  as  per  Bank-Book, 


New  Orleans,  May  1,  1837. 

Shipped  per  brig  James,   Lamb,   and  consigned  to 
Robert  Trumble,  Lisbon,  to  be  sold  on  my  acc't  Mdse. 

from  store  as  per  L  B.  am't  to $3,000.00 

Cash  paid  shipping  expenses, 114.50 


Sold  for  Cash  to  Normand  Knox,  at  1  per  cent.  prem. 

my  D'ft  on  Robert  Trumble,  Lisbon,  for--. • $1,000 

Premium, • 10 


[40  1 


2,010 


6,182 


2,000 


3,000 


2,386 


2,900 

^6 

13,405 


3,114 


1,010 


50 


33 


00 


00 


00 


00 

u 

43 


50 


00 


3 
11 


Drs. 


Merchants'  Bank,. 
Trumble's  Sales,- •• 


Cash,. 


U 


Patent  Arms  Co. 


Cash,- 


12 


Merchants'  Bank,- 

John  C.  Colt,  

Joseph  Law, 

Expense, 


Cash  New  Acc't, 


Bank  New  Acc't,- 


Shipment  to  Lisbon, 


Cash' 


Journal. 


11 


Crs. 


2,010 
6,182 


2,000 


00 


3,000  00 


2,386 


2,000 
450 
150 
300 


346 
13,405 


00 


Trumble's  Sales, 

Commission, 

Robert  Trumble, 


Patent  Arms  Co.'s  Sales,-- 
Merchandise 


Cash,  

Merchants'  Bank,- 


Merchants'  Bank,- 
John  Holbrook, ••• 


Cash, 


Cash  Old  Acc't, 


Bank  Old  Acc't,- 


3,114 


1,010 


50 


00 


Merc\.andise, 
Cash, 


Robert  Trumble, 
Interest, 


2,010 

392 

5,790 


1,500 
500 


1,000 
2,000 


50 
19 
14 


00 
00 


00 
00 


1,000 
1,386 


2,900 


00 
00 


00 


346 
13,405 


11 
43 


3,000 
114 


00 
50 


1,000 
10 


00 

00 


[47  ] 


12 


New  (Means,  May  5,  1837. 


Shipped  per  Nelso,  Delvin,  nnd  consigned  to  Robert 
Trumble,  Lisbon,  to  be  sold  on  my  acc't  as  follows: 

3,000  bis.  Flour  ©  $5,  bought  of  William  S.  Mcllvain, 

by  Check, $15,000.00 

3,600  bushels  Corn,©  75(|?  bought  of  D.  Sayers  on  L. 

Shafer's  Note, 2,700.00 

Mdse.  from  Store,  as  per  I.  B.  2,  am't  to 1,203.50 

Paid  Cash  to  the  Protection  Ins.  Co.  for  prem.  of  Insur- 
ance on  .$10,000,  at  2  per  cent,  and  Policy  $1.25, 201.25 

Cash  paid  shipping  expenses, 109.06 


Sold  at  1  per  cent.  prem.  to  James  N.  Reynolds, 
through  Charles  A.  Tureman,  broker,  my  D'ft  drawn 
at  10  days  sight,  on  Robert  Trumble,  for $5,000 

Also,  at  1  per  cent,  my  D'ft  at  15  days  sight,  for 5,000 


10,000 


Rec'd  in  payment  Reynolds'  Note  at  30  days,  for $5,000 

Cash  for   balance — deposited, 5,075 


1  per  cent.  prem.  is $100 

Tureman's  i  per  cent.  com.  is  25 


Gain,. 


.75 


Shipped  per  William  Ward,  and  consigned  to  Charles 
Stewart,  Havana,  per  order,  and  for  acc't  and  risk  of 
Robert  Trumble,  Lisbon,  Mdse.  from  Store,  as  per  I. 

B.  2,  am't  to $900.00 

Paid  Shipping  and  Insurance,  by  Check,-- 70.00 

My  3  per   cent,  com 29.10 


10 


Rec'd  Cash— deposited,  from  Thomas  M.  Kane,  Jr.  Note 
April  10th,- 


Rec'd  an  acc't  sales  of  my  first  consignment  to  Robert 
Trumble,  Lisbon,  Net   am't, 


Paid  by  Check,  Robert  Trumble's  D'ft  in  favor  of  Geo. 


W.  Goodhue,  on  me  at  sight,- 

11 


Rec'd  an  acc't  sales  of  my  second  consignment  to  Rob't 
Trumble,  Lisbon,   Net  am't 


Gain  on  the  acc't  of  Shipment  to  Lisbon,- 


[48] 


19,213 


10,075 


SI 


00 


999 


750 
3,705 

500 

23,210 

4,587 


10 

00. 
10 

00 

95 

74 


Drs. 


12 


Shipment  to  Lisbon, 


4  Bills  Receivable,- •• 
3  Merchants'  Bank,- 


Robert  Trumble, 


Merchants'  Banlc,- 


Robert  Trumble, 


7  Robert  Trumble, 


12 


Robert  .Trumble, 


Shipment  to  Lisbon, 


Journal. 


Crs. 


19,213 


81 


5,000 
5,075 


999 


750 

3,705 
500 

23,210 


4,587 


10 


00 

10 

00 

95i 


Merchants'  Bank,- 
Bills  Receivable,-- 

Merchandise,  

Cash,  


Robert  Trumble, 
Interest, 


74'   7 


Merchandise,  

Merchants'  Bank, 
Commission, 


Bills  Receivable,- 


Shipment  to  Lisbon, 


Merchants'  Bank,- 


Shipment  to  Lisbon, 


Profit  and  Loss,- 


[49] 


12 


15,000 

2,700 

1,203 

310 


00 
00 
50 
31 


10,000 
75 


900 
70 

29 


00 
00 


750 


3,705 
500 

23,210 


4,587 


00 
00 
10 


00 

10 

00 

95 

74 


13 


New  Orleans,   May  11,  1837. 


Drew,  as  directed,  on  Messrs.  J.  L.  &  S.  Josephs,  of 
New  York,  ibr  the  balance  due  on  Robert  Truinble's 
aco't,  and  sold  said  D'ftal  i  per  cent.  prem.  to  Alex- 
ander C.  Cummings  for  Cash — deposited, ^19,555.01 

Premium, 48.88 


12 


John  Holbrook  has  shipped  per  Biddle,  Leonard,  and 
consigned  to  Wm.  Begg,  Buenos  Ayres,  (Co.  A)  to 
be  sold  on  our  joint  accH,  1,200  bis.  Flour,  at  $4.25,  $5,100 
lOhhds.  1,000  gs.  Molasses,  at  22(^ 220 


19,603 


89 


My  half  is. 


5,320 


13 


Shipped  per  Robinson,  Hunt,  and  consigned  to  John  Russ, 

Carraccas,  to  be  sold  on  his  acc't  and  risk,  Wm.  Ellery 

and  mine,  as  follows: 
Mdse.  as  per  I.  B.  bo't  of  Robert  Reed  by  Check,.- 13,500.00 

do.         do.     John  Thomas,  for  my  Note  at  3  mo.    1,572.00 

Wm.  Ellery  has  put  in  200  bis.  Flour,  at  $4, 800.00 

He  has  also  paid  insurance  to  the  Protection  Ins.  Co. 

on  a  part  of  this  Shipment, 50.00 

Cash  paid  shipping  expenses, 98.85 


Russ'  third, 

Ellery's       do 
My  (Co.D.)  do. 


$2,006.95) 
2,006.95S 
2,006.95^ 
17 


6,020.85 


John  Holbrook  received  per  the  Junius,  Took,  an  acc't  sales 
of  our  shipment  to  Buenos  Ayres  (Co.  A.)  Total  net 
sales,  $5,013.50. 

My  half  is, • $2,506.75 

Paid  by  Check  to  said  Holbrook,  my  half  loss, 153.25 


Loss  on  Shipment  to  Buenos  Ayres,  (Co.  A.)- 

19 


Sold  for  Cash — deposited,  at  2  per  cent.  prem.  my  D'ft 
in  favor  of  Geo.  D.  Prather,  drawn  at  10  days  sight 
on  John  Russ,  Caraccas,  for $2,500 

Premium, 50 


24 


Rec'd  Cash — deposited,  of  Wm.  Ellery,  in  full  for  bal- 
ance on  his  ac/".'t  for  Mdse.  shipped  to  Caraccas, 


[50] 


2,660  00 


6.020 


8ii 


2,660 
153 


00 
25 


2,550 
1,156 


00 
95 


Drs. 


Journal. 


13 


Crs. 


13 


12 
13 
13 


Merchants*  Bank,- 


Shipment  to  Buenos 
Avres,  Co.  A 


John  Russ, 

William  Ellery* 

Shipment  to  Caraccas,  Co. 
D 


John  Holbrook, 


Profit  and  Loss, 


Merchants'  Bank,- 


Merchants'  Bank,- 


19,603 


2,660 


2,006 
2,006 

2,006 


89 


00 


2,660 


153 


2,550 


1,156 


9 


00 


25 


00 


95 


Robert  Trumble, 
Interest, 


John  Holbrook, 


Merchants'  Bank,- 

Bills  Payable, 

William  Ellery,--.- 
Cash, 


12 


12 


13 


Shipment  to  Buenos 

Ayres,  Co.  A 

Merchants'  Bank, 


Shipment  to  Buenos 
Avres,  Co.  A 


19,555 

48 


2,660 


3,500 
1,572 

850 
98 


2,506 
153 


01 

88 


00 


00 
00 
00 

85 


75 
25 


John  Russ, 
Interest, 


William  Ellery, 


153  25 


2,500 
50 


1,156 


00 
00 


95 


[511 


14 


New  Orleans,  May  26,  1837. 


Rec'd  per  brig  America,  from  John  Russ,  Caraccas  account 

sales  of  Mdse.  sent  him  on  acc't  Co.  D. 

Total  net  aniH  $7,759.11— my  third  is    • 

Also,  received  in  specie — deposited,  the  balance  said 

Russ  owes  on  acc't, 


Gain  on  account  of  shipment  to  Caraccas,  Co.  D.- 
27     


Shipped  per  Britton.  Canadia,  and  consigned  to  Alexander 
Hamilton  &  Co.  Halifax,  to  be  sold  on  their  acc't  and  ri&k, 
Joseph  Law's  and  mine, as  follows: 

Mdse.  from  store,  as  per  I.  B.  2,  am't  to $2,500 

2,000  bis.  Flour  (a)  $3.  bought  of  Clark  &  Buckner  by 

Check, 6,000 

Cash  paid  shipping  expenses,  &c. 347 


Hamilton  &  Go's  third  is  $2,949,^ 
Law's                      do.        2,949,  V  $8,847 
My  (Co.  E.)            do.        2,949.> 
31     


Received  the  following  sums  this  month, as  per  Cagh Book: 

From  Gaines  &  Hardon, $1,156.52 

Steamer  Sun — acc't  freight, 1,500.00 

House  No.  110,  Camp  street — acc't  rent 500.00 

Planters  Bank  Stock — dividend, 345.00 


Disposed  of  the  following  sums: 

To  John  C.  Colt, $250 

"  Expense 139 

Lent  Brown  &  Edwards 3,000 


Balance  of  Cash  on  hand  as  per  Cash  Book, 


Balance  of  Cash  in  Bank  as  per  Bank  Book, 


New  Orleans,  June  1,  1837. 

Paid  Wm.  Gosling  by  C  ;ck, 
^For  100  hhds.  1 1,000  i  =..  Molasses,  at  27(|?  (No.  1,)  $2,970.00 
Cash  paid  Drayage,  &  • 28*50 


Sold  James  W.  Carr,  fa)  3  mo. 

^50  hhds.  5,500  gs.  Molasses,  at  31(^  (No.  1,). 


2,586 

2,093 

579 


37 
32 
43 


8,847 


00 


3,501 


3,389 
597 

19,411 


52 


00 
97 

34 


2,998 
1,705 


50 
00 


r  52] 


Drs. 


Journal. 


Crs. 


14 


12 
3 


13 


13 

8 
13 


2 


14 


6 


John  Russ, 

Merchants'  Bank,- 


Shipment  to  Caraccas, 
Co.  D 


Alexander  Hamilton  &Co 

Joseph  Law, 

Shipment  to  Halifax,Co.E. 


Cash,- 


John  C.  Colt,--- 

Expense, 

Loan  Account, 


Cash  New  Acc't, 


Bank  New  Acc't,. 


Molasses  No.  1,. 


James  W.  Carr,. 


2,586 
2,093 


579 


2,949 
2,949 
2,949 


3,501 


250 
139 

3,000 

597 
19,411 


2,998 


1,705 


42 


52 


50 


00 


12 


Shipment  to  Caraccas, 

Co.  D 

John  Russ,-. 


Profit  and  Loss,- 


Merchandise,  

Merchants'  Bank,- 
Cash, 


Gaines  &  Hardon, 

Steamer  Sun, 

House  No.  10,  Camp  St. 
Planters'  Bank  Stock, •-• 


14 


Cash, 


Cash  Old  Acc't, 


Bank  Old  Acc't,- 


Merchants'  Bank, 
Cash, 


Molasses,No.  1,- 


2,586 
2,093 


579 


2,500 

6,000 

347 


1,156 

1,500 

500 

345 


3,389 

597 
19,411 


2,970 

28 


1,705 


37 
32 


42 


00 
00 
00 


52 
00 
00 
00 


00 

97 
34 


00 
50 


00 


1  o^  1 


15 


New  Orleans,  June  6, 1837. 


BoH  of  Alex.  C.  Power  by  Check,  on  joint  acc't  with 
Eliphas  B.  Hibbard,  (Co.  A.) 

<^4,000  bis.  Flour,  at  $5, $20,000.00 

Cash  paid  Drayage,  Cooperage,  &c 22.50 


I  ain  to  have  one  per  cent.  com.  for  doing  the  business, 
and  have  received  Eliphas  B.  Hibbard's  Note  at  30 
days  for  his  half  first  cost, 


Rec'd  Cash — deposited,  money  lent  Brown  &  Edwards,. 
. —  11     


Sold  for  Cash— deposited,  to  Oliver  H.  P.  Thomas, 

<^      50  hhds.  5,500  gs.  Molasses,  at  30(t?  (No.l,) $  1,650 

<g>  2,000  bis.  Flom-,  at  |5.25,  (Co.  A.) 10,500 


12 


On  examining  Molasses  acc't.  No.  1, 1  find  I  have  gained,- 
14    


Sold  for  Cash — deposited,  to  Edwin  Forrest, 

^2,000  bis.  Flour,  at  |5.25,  (Co.  A.) 

16 


On  examining  the  acc't  of  Flour,  (Co.  A.)  I  find  the 

total  sales  am't  to  g21,000;my  1  per  cent.  com.  is  f  210.00 
Charges  posted  $20,022.50;  4-    210,=  |20,232.50. 
Leaving  a  nett  gain  of  $767.50. 

My  half  is $383.75 

Efiphas  B.  Hibbard's  is 383.75  767.50 


19 


Paid  Eliphas  B.  Hibbard  for  balance  due  on  acc't  of 
Flour  speculation,  as  follows: 

His  Note  of  the  6th  inst.  for $10,000.00 

Check  for  balance, 383.75 


20,022 

10,000 
3,000 


12,150' 

356 

10,500 


21 


50 

00 
00 

00 
50 

00 


977 


50 


Paid  by  Check  to  Chas.  A  Miller,  my  Note  of  Feb.  21st,  $5,000 
Interest, 100 


22 


Joined  Wm.  May,  (Co.  R.)  in  purchase  of  Sugar,  he  is 
to  do  the  business  without  com.  and  divide  the  gain 
or  loss  equally,  viz: 

^200  hhds.  10  cwt.=2,000  cwt.  Sugar,  at  $11,=$22,000. 
Paid  him  as  follows: 

By  balance  due  on  acc't, $     110 

Check  in  full, 10,890 


25 


Rec'd  of  Wm.  May  acc't  sales  of  Sugar,  (Co.  R.)  made 
on  our  joint  acc't — my  half  proceeds  is 


[54] 


10,383 


5,100 


11,000 
12,000 


75 


00 


00 


00 


Di 


Journal. 


15 


14Flour,  Co.  A 

4  Bills  Receivable,- 


14 


14 


Merchants'  Bank,- 


Merchants'  Bank,- 


Molasses,  No.  1, 


Merchants'  Bank,- 


Flour,  Co.  A. 


Eliphas  B.  Hibbard, 


Bills  Payable, 
Interest,  


Sugaij  Co.  R. 


William  May,.-.-v.. 


20,02-2 
10,000 


3,000 
12,150 

356 
10,500 

977 


10,383 


5,000 
100 


11,000 


12,000 


75 


00 


00 


14 


Merchants'  Bank, — 

Cash, 

Eliphas  B.  Hibbard, 


Loan  Account,- 


Molasses,  No.  1, 
Flour,  Co.  A 


Profit  and  Loss,- 


Flour,  Co.  A. 


Commission,- 

Profit  and  Loss, 

Eliphas  B.  Hibbard,. 


Bills  Receivable,-- 
Merchants'  Bank,- 


Merchants'  Bank,- 


William  May, 

Merchants'  Bank, 


Sugar,  Co.  R. 


20,000 

22 

10,000 


3,000 

1,650 
10,500 

356 
10,500 


210 
383 
383 


00 
50 
00 


00 


00 
00 


50 
00 


00 

75 
75 


10,000 
383 


5,100 


110 

10,890 


12,000 


00 
75 


00 


00 

00 


00 


[  55  1 


t« 


New  Orleans,  June  25,  1837. 


On  examining  acc't  of  Sugar  (Co.  R.)  I  find  I  have  gained- 

-  26 


Lent  by  Check  to  Edwin  A.  Bryson,- 


Rec'd  of  \Vm.  May,  Cash — deposited,  the  full  am't  due 
on  our  Sugar  speculation, 

28      


Bo't  bv  Check  of  Herman, Brigs  &  Co. 

480'bales,  150,000  lbs.  Cotton,  at  10(^  (No.  !.)• 


Rec'd  of  Edwin  A.  Bryson,  Cash — deposited  for  this 
sum  lent  him  on  the  26th  inst • 


Paid  by  Check,  six  mo.  rent  of  Store, 


Expense  to  Joseph  Law  for  6  mo.  services,- 

30 


Rec'd  the  following  sums  this  month,  as  pef  Cash  Book 

From  James  H.  Rice, 

«      James  R.  Marston, 330 


1,000 
5,000 

12,000 

15,000 

5,000 
900 
600 


Disposed  of  the  following  sums; 

To  Wm.  May, 

"    Expense, 

«    John  C.  Colt, 

"   James  W.  Carr, 


-$220 
-.  121 
--225 
-202 


Balance  of  Cash  on  hand,  as  per  Cash  Book,- 


Balance  of  Cash  in  Bank,  as  per  Bank  Book, 


I  find  by  examination,  I  have  gained  during  the  last 
six  months,  on  each  of  the  follow^ing  accounts: 

Merchandise, t 

Simmons'  Plantation, 

Steamer  Sun, 


I  find  by  examination,  I  have  lost  by  House  No.  35, 
Canal  street, 


I  find  by  an  examination,  that  there  has  been  a  gain 
on  the  Estate  of  Edward  Clinton,  as  follows: 

On  House  No.  110,  Camp  street, •--- 

"   Planters'  Bank  Stock, - 


My  5  per  cent,  on  ,§1,145,  am't  collected  on  Edw'd 

Clinton's  Estate,  is 

f  56  1 


00 
00 

00 

00 

00 
00 
00 


1,158  00 


768 

936 

1,817 


2.609 
4,000 
1,500 


1,250 


800 
345 


00 
97 
59 


97 
00 

00 


00 


00 
00 


57 


Journal. 


Drs. 


14 

13 

4 

14 


Cash, 


William  May,.--- 

Expense, 

John  C.  Colt,  ■•-. 
James  W.  Carr,. 


1 

9 

10 


Cash  New  Acc't, 


Bank  New  Acc't, 


Merchandise, 

Simmons'  Plantation, 
Stea«mer  Sun, 


7  Profit  and  Loss,- 


10 
10 


10 


Crs. 


ou^ai,  \JKJ*  It 

1 

IVTArr^hnn t<3' Tinnk 

Cnttf^n    IVo     1   

T^.vnpn^p 

1,000 
5,000 

12,000 
15,000 

5,000 

900 
600 

1,158 


2-20 
121 
225 

202 


936 
1,817 


2,609 
4,000 
1,500 


1,250 


00 


00 


Profit  and  Loss,- 


Merchants'  Bank, 


William  May,  • 


4  Merchants'  Bank, 


House  No.  110,  Camp  St. 
Planters'  Bank  Stock, 


00 


Edward  Clinton, 


Loan  Account,- 


Merchants'  Bank,- 


Joseph  Law, 


James  H.  Rice,  

James  R.  Marston,- 


Cash, 


Cash  Old  Acc't, 


4  Bank  Old  Acc't,- 


800 
345 


57 


or; 


10 


Profit  and  Loss, 


1,000 
5,000 

12,000 

15,000 

5,000 


16 

00 
00 

00 
00 
00 


House,  No.  35,  Canal  St. 


Edward  Clinton,- 


Profit  and  Loss,- 


900 
600 

828 
330 


768 

936 
1,817 


2,609 
4,000 
1,500 


00 
00 


1,250  00 


00 
00 


00 

97 
59 


97 
00 
00 


800 
345 


57 


00 
00 


25 


[  57  ] 


17 


Journal^  continued, 
June  30,  1837. 


7 

9 

12 


15 
1 

2 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

11 

13 
13 
14 


15 
6 
10 
11 
11 


1 
15 


Profit  and  Loss  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

John  C.  Colt, 

Expense, 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Profit  and  Loss, 

Interest, 

Commission,  


Profit  and  Loss  Dr. 

To  Stock,. 


Balance  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Merchandise, 

Cash, * 

Merchants'  Bank,  

House  and  Lot  No.  35,  Canal  St.-- 

Bills  Receivable, 

Edmund  B.  Stedman, • 

John  Hoi  brook, 

Eleazer  Porter, 

Joseph  Law, 

Danforth  Marble, 

Simmons'  Plantation, 

House  and  Lot  No.  110,  Camp  St. 

Planters'  Bank  Stock, 

Steamer  Sun, ■ 

Texas  Lands, 

Patent  Arms  Co 

Alexander  Hamilton  &  Co 

Shipment  to  Halifax,  Co.  E 


Cotton,  No.  1, 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Balance, 

Bills  Payable, 

Edward  Clinton, 

Expectancies, 

Patent  Arms  Co.'s  Sales,- 


Stock  Dr. 


To  Balance, 


[58] 


1,725 

2,206 


66 
1,159 


9,366 


5,000 

936 

1,817 

10,000 

27,300 

825 

2,365 

2,038 

2,599 

2,177 

10,000 

15,500 

11,500 

10,000 

5,000 

7,808 

2,949 

2,949 

15,000 


15,074 

28,995 

10,000 

3,730 


77,966 


00 
50 


86 

52 


26 


00 
97 
59 
00 
00 
00 
00 
50 
00 
45 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
50 
00 
00 
00 


00 
75 
00 
00 


26 


LEGEK. 

A. 


ifio) 


ALPHABET  TO  THE  LEGER. 


A. 

1. 

Interest,  etc 9 

S. 

Stock, 1 

Stedman  Edmund  B.  -5 
Simmons'  Plantation,    9 

Steamer  Hope, 10 

Steamer  Sun, 10 

Ship't  to  Lisbon, 12 

Ship't  to  Buenos  Ayres 

Co.  A 12 

Ship't   to    Caraccas, 

Co.  D 13 

Ship't  to  Halifax,  Co. 

E 13 

Sugar,  Co.  R 14 

B. 

Bills  Receivable, 4 

Bills  Payable, 6 

Balance, 15 

K. 

L. 

Law  Joseph, 8 

Loan  Account, 13 

C. 

Cash, 2 

Caldwell  John, 5 

Carr  James  W 6 

Colt  Tohn  C 8 

M. 

Merchandise,  1 

Merchants'  Bank, 3,4 

May  William, 6 

Marston  James  R 9 

Marble  Danforth, 9 

Molasses,  No.  1, 14 

Clinton  Edward, 10 

Commission, 12 

Cotton,  No.  1 14 

T. 

Trumble  Robert, 7 

Texas  Lands, 10 

Trumble's  Sales, 11 

D. 

N. 

U. 

U.  S.  Bank  Stock, 9 

E. 

Expense,  8 

Expectancies,  11 

EUery  William, 13 

0. 

V. 

P. 

Porter  Eleazer,  7 

Profit  and  Loss, 7 

Planters'  Bank  Stock,  10 
Patent  Arms  Co.'s 

■  Sales, 11 

Patent  Arms  Co 11 

Pell's  Sales, 12 

Flour.  Co.  A 14 

W. 

G. 

Gaines  &  Hardon, G 

Gaines  &  Hardon's 
Sales, 11 

X. 

Y. 

Q. 

H. 

House  and  Lot  No.  35, 

Canal  St 4 

Hewes  Samuel,  5 

Holbrook  John, 5 

!  House  and  Lot  No. 

1      110,  Camp  St. 10 

Hamilton  Alex.  &  Co.  13 
Hibbard  Eliphas  B.,  .-14 

1 

Z. 

The  Alphabet  or  Index  to  the 
Leger,  is  usually  kept,  in  real  busi- 
ness, in  a  pamphlet  book  separate 
from  the  Leger. 

R. 

Rice  James  H 5 

Russ  John, 12 

1)0  ] 


1837 
Jan. 
June 


Dr. 


Sundries,. 
Balance^  • 


STOCK. 


8,700 
77,960 


86,666 


26 


1837 

Jan. 
Mar. 
June 


Cr. 


Sundries, 

do 

77,300 

Projit  and  Loss, 


MERCHANDISE. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1837 

Jan. 


Feb. 


June 


Stock, 

Gaines  &  Hardon 
William  May,--.. 

Sundries, 

Bills  Payable, 

M.  Bank, 

Sundries, 

Jas.  R.  Marston, 

Sundries, 

do 

Projit  ana  Loss, 


20,000 

800 

500 

5,490 

11,500 

200 

8,900 

15 

900 

4,125 

2,609 


1837 

Jan. 


Feb. 


4 
6 
10 
13 
16 
21 
25 
26 

a 

28 
4 
8 
13 
20 
23 

a 

25 

28 
u 

2 

31 

11 

21 

28 

1 

5 

8 

27 

30 


William  May, 

Gaines  &  Hardon 
John  Holbrook,  •• 
James  W.  Carr, 

Sundries, 

Bills  Receivable, 
Eleazer  Porter, 
James  H.  Rice, 
John  Holbrook, 

Bills  Payable, 

Ed'd  B.  Stedman, 

Sundries, 

James  W.  Carr, 
James  H.  Rice, 

Cash, 

Sundries, 

John  Holbrook, 

Sundries, 

Cash, 

S.  Plantation,---- 

Cash, 

do 

Robert  Trumble, 

Cash, 

Ship't  to  Lisbon, 

do 

Robert  Trumble 

Sundries, 

Balance, 


60,039,97 


890 
1,798 
1,226 

100 
8,625 
3,300 
1,038 
5,000 

960 
•578 
1,125 
2,486 

843 
1,028 

263 

869 

665 
5,650 
2,080 
2,000 

150 

150 
1,110 

500 
3,000 
1,203 
•900 
2,500 
5,000 


55,039  97 


00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
50 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
52 
70 
00 
25 
00 
00 
00 
00 
50 
00 
00 
50 
00 
00 
00 


Dr. 


CASH. 


Cr. 


1837 

1837 

r 

Jan. 

1  Stock, 

1 

5O0 

00 

Jan. 

31 

Sundries, 

3     2,200 

00 

16  Mdse. 

2 

625 

00 

New  Acc't, 

3     2,425 

00 

26  James  H.  Rice, 

2 

900 

00 

. 

27  John  Caldwell, 

3 

100 

00 

^^ 

31  Sundries, 

3 

2,500 

00 
00 

00 

Fob. 

15 

^^--"'^ 

4,625 

4,625 

00 

Feb. 

1  Old  Acc't, 

3 

2,425 

Bills  Receivable, 

4     1,300 

00 

8  Mdse. 

3 

486 

00 

28 

Sundries, 

6     2,100 

00 

20  James  H.  Rice, 

4 

300 

00 

(.i 

New  Acc't, 

6     3,577 

25 

i 

23  Mdse. 

4 

263 

52 

. 

"     do. 

5 

782 

73 

y^ 

( 

24  Jas.  R.  Marston, 

5 

55 

00 

y^ 

( 

i7  Sundries, 

5 

135 

00 

y^ 

18      do. 

5 
6 

2,530 

00 
25 

25 

Mar, 

2 

X 

6,977 

- 

6,977 

25 

Mar. 

1  Old  Acc't. 

3.577 

S.  Plantation, 

6     2,200 

00 

9  U.  S.  Bank  Stock, 

6 

250 

00 

10 

Steamer  Hope, 

7        500 

00 

'  Profit  and  Loss, 

6 

1,000 

00 

15 

Steamer  Sun, 

7        800 

00 

1 

3  Sundries, 

7 

1,000 

00 

28 

Profit  and  Loss, 

8         850 

00  »■ 

a 

1      do. 

8 

550 

00 

31 

Sundries, 

8        600 

00 

25 
25 

Apr. 

7 

New  Acc't, 

8     1,427 

25 

= 

6,377 

6,377 

25 

Apr, 

1  Old  Acc't, 

8 

1,427 

Gaines  &  H.'s  Sales, 

9            6 

50 

1 

1  Sundries, 

9 

560 

00 

15 

Profit  and  Loss, 

9     1,000 

00 

2 

8      do. 

11 

2,000 

00 

« 

Pell's  Sales, 

10          15 

38 

2 

9     do. 

11 

2,386 

00 

18 
19 
22 
29 

do. 

do. 
Pat.  Arms  Go's  Sales, 

do. 
Sundries, 

10        186 

10        488 

10  430 

11  1,000 
11     2,900 

88 
38 
00 
00 
00 

/^ 

25 
11 

May 

ii. 

1 

New  Acc't, 

11        346 

11 

6,373 

6,373 

25 

May 

1  Old  Acc't, 

11 

346 

Ship't  to  Lisbon, 

11         114 

50 

3  Sundries, 

11 

1,010 

00 

5 

do. 

12        310 

31 

3 

1      do. 

14 

3,501 

52 

13 
27 
31 

Sundries, 
do. 
do. 

13  98 

14  347 
14     3,389 

85 
00 
00 

^^-^ 

June 

a 
1 

New  Acc't, 
Molasses,  No.  1, 

14        597 

97 

4,857 

63 

97 

4,857 

63 

June 

1  Old  Acc't, 

14 

597 

14          28 

50 

,          3 

0  Sundries, 

16 

1,158 

00 

6 

Flour,  Co.  A. 

15          22 

50 

i 

^„--^ 

30 

Sundries, 

16        768 

00 

^-^^ 

16 

June 

30 

New  Acc't, 
Balance^ 

16        936 

97 

1,755 

97 
97 

1,755 

97 

June  3 

0  Old  Acc't, 

936 

17        936 

97 

1 

[62] 


MERCHANTS'   BANK. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1 

16 
31 


1 

6 

28 


1 

2 

4 

9 

11 

13 

27 


1 

3 
18 

20 
26 
29 


Stock, 
Mdse." 
Cash,  • 


Old  Acc't. 

Bills  Receivable, 
Mdse.- 


Old  Acc't.  

Sundries, 

House  No.  35  Canal  St. 

S.  Plantation, 

Edward  Clinton, 
Bills  Receivable, 
Stock,  


May 


Old  Acc't. 

Bills  Receivable, 

Pell's  Sales, 

Sundries, 

Trumble's  Sales, 
Cash, 


1 

6 
10 
11 
19 
24 
26 


Old  Acc't 

Sundries, 

Bills  Receivable 

Sundries, 

do. 

William  Ellery,' 
JohnRuss, 


14,500 
3,000 
2,000 


19,500 


19,010 

500 

2,400 


21,910 


11,878 

2,055 

5,800 

465 

958 

1,000 

10,000 


32,157 


21,153 

4,300 
11,891 
3,700 
2,010 
2,000 


1837 

Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


45,056 


13,405 

5,075 
750 
19,603 
2,550 
1,156 
2,093 

44,634 


24 


Apr, 


May 


Mdse. 

New  Acc't- 


Mdse 

Sundries 

do 

Danforth  Marble, 

Mdse. 

James  R.Marston 

Mdse 

New  Acc't 


U.  S.  Bank  Stock 

S.  Plantation, 

Steamer  Sun, 

House  No.  35  Canal  St. 

Danforth  Marble, 
New  Acc't.  •••• 


Robert  Trumble. 

Sundries, 

Gaines  &:Hardon, 
Trumble's  Sales. 

Bills  Payable, 

Pell's  Sales, 

Sundries, 

Pell's  Sales, 

Robert  Trumble 
Patent  Arms  Co. 

do. 

Cash, 

New  Acc't.  •••• 


Ship't  to  Lisbon, 
Robert  Trumble, 

do 

Sundries, 

John  Hoi  brook,- 

Sundries, 

New  Acc't 


490 
19,010 


19,500 


200 

2,001 

1,020 

2,035 

3,900 

500 

375 

11,878 


21,910 


00 
00 

00 

00 
50 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
75 

25 


100 
2,800 
3,426 
2,500 
2,177 
21,153 


32,157 


4,000 
2,390 

200 

221 
1,000 

950 
8,140 
8,391 

556 

2,801 

2,000 

1,000 

13,405 


45,056 


15,000 

70 

500 

3,500 

153 

6,000 

19,411 


44,634 


00 
00 
00 
00 
45 
75 

20 

00 
00 
00 
50 
00 
25 
00 
39 
17 
50 
00 
00 
43 

24 

00 
00 
00 
00 
25 
00 
34 


59 


[  G3] 


MERCHANTS'   BANK. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1837 
June 


l|01d  Acc't.  •• 
Loan  Acc't. 


11 
14 

20 

2S 


June 


30 


Sundries, 

FJour,Co.  A- 
William  May,- 
Loan  Acc't.  ••• 


Old  Acc't. 


14 
15 

ID 

16 

19,411 

3,000 
12,150 
10,500 
12,000 

34 
00 
00 
00 

00 

1837 

June 

1 

6 

19 

21 

22 

10 

5,000 

00 
34 

26 

28 

30 

62,061 

16 

1,817 

59 

'June 

30 

1 

Molasses,  No.  1,- 
Flour  Co.  A.  •••• 
E.  B.  Hibbard,  • 

Sundries, 

Sugar  Co.  II.  •••• 

Loan  Acc't. 

Cotton  No.  I.--- 

Expense, 

New  Acc't.  

Balance, 


14 

2,970 

15 
15 

20,000 
383 

15 
15 
16i 

5,100 

10,890 

5,000 

16 

15,000 

10; 

900 

16 
17 

1,817 

62,061 

1,817 

00 
00 

75 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
59 

34 

59 


Dr. 


HOUSE  AND  LOT  No.  35,  CANAL  STREET. 


Cr. 


1837 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 


27 


Stock,  

Bills  Payable,- 

Sundries,- 


17,700 


10,000 
200 

7,500 


17,700 


1837 
Feb. 
Mar- 
June 


00 


Cash,  

Sundries, 

6,450 

Pro/it  and  Loss... 
Balance, 


450  00 
6,000J00 

1,250|00 
10,000  00 


17.700 


00 


BILLS    RECEIVABLE. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1837 

Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 
May 
June 


1 

9 

16 

21 

26 

27 

15 

20 
25 

28 
16 
27 
28 
10 
6 
6 


Stock, 

Samuel  Hewes, 

Mdse.    

do. "•• 

James  H.  Rice, 
Bills  Payable,  •-• 
John  Caldwell, 

Cash,  

J.  R.  Mars  ton, 
Danforth  Marble, 

Mdse.    • 

Edward  Clinton, 

Stock 

Expectancies,-- 

Patent  Arms  Go's  Sales, 

Sundries, 

E.  B.  Hibbard,... 

65,585 


5,700 
2,100 
2,000 
3,300 
2,700 
1,000 

500 
1,300 

800 
2,035 
2,500 
1.400 
4.500 
10,000 

750 

5,000 

10,000 


55,585  00 


00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 


1837 

Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 
May 

June 


M.Bank, 

Robert  Trumble, 

Sundries, 

M.  Bank, 

S.  Plantation,-- 

M.  Bank, 

Steamer  Sun,  •• 

M.  Bank, 

Ship't  to  Lisbon, 

M.  Bank, 

E.  B.  Hibbard, 

26,285 

Balance. 


[  64] 


500 
1,300 
1,000 
2,035 
3,000 
1,000 
1,700 
4,300 
2,700 
750 
10,000 

27,300 


00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 

00 


Dr. 


EDMUND  B.  STEDMAN 


1837 

Jan. 

Feb. 


Stock,  

Mdse.    

John  Holbrook, 

3,62j 


1S37 

1 

2,300 

00 

Jun. 

31 

3 

1,125 

00 

Mar. 

C 

5 

200 

00 

June 

30 

3,625 

00 

Cash  

Profit  and  Loss, 

Balance^  •• 


2,800 


2,000 
800 


3,(i2'5 


00 

00 

00 

00 


Dr. 


17371 
Jan.     1 


Stock, 


SAMUEL  HEWES. 


Cr. 


2,100 


00 


1837 

Jan. 


9|  Bills  Receivable,     1 


2,100 


00 


Br. 


JOHN  HOLBROOK. 


1837 
Jan. 


Feb. 
May 


17  Sundries 


Stock  •• 
Mdse."-- 
do- 
do.- 
Cash, 


Cr. 


1,000 

1,226 

960 

665 

200 

2,660 


6,711 


0) 


1837 

Feb. 

Apr. 
May 

June 


Expense, 

E.  B.  Stedman, 

Cash, 

Ship.toB.Ayres, 

4,34« 

Balance^ •• 


100 

200 
1,386 

2,660 

2,365 


00 
00 
00 
00 

00 
00 


Dr. 


JAMES  H.  RICE. 


Cr. 


1837 
Jan. 

Feb. 


'^ 


Stock, 
Mdse.  • 
do.- 


500 
5,000 

1,028 


6,:)2S 


11837 
Jan. 

Feb. 
June 


Sundries, 

Cash, 

Sundries, 
Cash, 


4,100 

500 

1,100 

828 


6,528 


00 
00 
00 
00 
00 


Dr. 


JOHN  CALDWELL. 


Cr. 


1837 
Jan. 


Stock, 


1     1,200100 


18371     I 

Jan.  27  Sundries, 


3      1,200,00 


[65  ] 


c 


WILLIAM  MAY. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1837 

Jan. 
June 


Mdse.    

Sugar  Co.  R. 
do.        do. 


1837 
Jan. 

June 


Stock,  

Mdse. 

Sucar  Co.  R 
M^Bank,  ••• 


GAINES  &  HARDON. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1837 
Jan. 

Apr. 


Mdse 

James  H.  Rice, 
M.  Bank,  

Gaines  &  Hardens  Si's 


1,798 
500 


200!00 


1,780 


4,278 


1837 

Jan. 

Apr. 

May 


Stock,  

Mdse.   

Gaines  &.  Havdon's  Si's 

Cash, 


JAMES  W.  CARR. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1837 

Jan. 

•Feb. 
June 


Mdse 

Eleazer  Porter, 

Mdse.  

Molasses  No.  1, 
Cash, 


1837 

2 

100 

00 

Jan. 

1 

o 

150 

00 

4 

843 

00 

14 
16 

1,705 
202 

001 
00 

3,000 

00 

— 

L 

= 

Stock, 


BILLS  PAYABLE. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1837 

Jan. 

Feb. 


Mar. 
Apr. 
June 


16  Mdse 

28  Sundries,- • 

6  M.  Bank, 

8 
28 

4 

9 
14 
17 
21 

30 


Mdse. 

do 

House  No.  35  Canal  St 

S.  Plantation, 

M.  Bank, 

do 

do. 

Balance, 


17 


3,000 
1,000 
2,000 
2,000 
750 
200 
3,500 
1,000 
8,000 
5,000 

15,074 


41, .524 


1837 

Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Ap'l. 
May 
00 


Stock, 

Mdse 

Robert  Trumble 

Mdse.    

Bills  Receivable, 
Bills  Payable,"  •• 

House  No.  35,Canai  Stj 

Mdse.    

do 

Steamer  Sun, 

Edward  Clinton, 

House  No.  36  Canal  St. 

Trumble's  Sales, 

Pell's  Sales, 

Sundries, 

41,524 


5,000 
1,000 
2,000 
11,500 
1,000 

422 

200 
5,000100 

750 
4,000 
1,200 
5,000 
1,440 
1,440 
1,572 


41,524 


00 
00- 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 


00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 


00 


Dr. 


ROBERT  TRUMBLE,  LISBON. 


Cr. 


i837 

Jan. 
Feb. 


Apr. 

May 


13 
17 
'22 
28 

1 
21 

8 
10 

11 


Bills  Payable, 

M.Bank, 

Sundries, — 

Cash, 

M.Bank, 

Sundries, 

do 

Ship't  to  Lisbon, 

M.Bank, 

Ship't  to  Lisbon, 


1837 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Apr. 
May 


Mdse 

do 

Trumble's  Sales, 

Cash, 

Sundries, 

M.Bank, 


1 

4,000 

5 

3,000 

11 

5,790 

11 

1,000 

12 

10,000 

13 

19,555 

13,345 

00 
00 
14 
00 
00 
01 


15 


Dr. 


ELEAZER  PORTER.' 


Cr. 


f837 

fan. 
\pr. 


25 


Mdse 

Sundries,. 


2,188.60 


1837 
Jan. 
June 


James  W.  Carr, 
Balance 


150 

2,038 

■2488 


00 
50 

50 


PROFIT  AND  LOSS. 


Dr. 


Cr, 


1837 
Jan. 
Mar. 

Apr. 
May 

June 


John  Caldwell,  • 
E.  B.  Stedman,- 

Cash, 

do 

Sh'ptto  B.  AyresCo.  A. 

3,40S.Z5 

House  Ko.  35  Canal  St. 

4,653.25 

John  C.  Colt, 

Expense., 

Stock, 


1837 
Mar. 


U.  S.  Bank  Stock, 

Cash, 

do 

Shp't  to  Lisbon, 

Shp'i  to  Caraccas  Co.D. 

Molasses  No.  1. 

Flour  Co.  A 

Sugar  Co.R 

8,657.41 

Merchandise,  •■ 
S.  Plantation,- • 
Steamer  Sun,-- 
Edward  Clinton. 

16,44.83 

Interest,  

Commission,---- 


00 
00 
00 
74 
42 
50 
75 
00 

97 
00 
00 
25 

m 

52 
Ol 


[07] 


8 


Dr. 


TOSEPH  LAW. 


Cr. 


1837 

Jan. 

Mar. 
Apr. 
May 


Cash, 

do. 

do.  

Sundries, 

3,199 


1837 

3 

ryO 

00 

June 

28 

^ 

JO 

00 

30 

lli 

150 

00 

14 

2,949 

00 

3,199 

00 

Expense, 
Balance, 


eooioo 

2,599  00 


3,199 


00 


JOHN    C.  COLT. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1837 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
May 
June 


Cash, 

do. 

do. 

do  

do 

do 

1,725 


100 
400 
300 
450 
250 
225 


1,725 


00 


1837 

June 


30 


Profit  and  Loss^ 


EXPENSE. 


Dr, 


1837 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Apr. 
May 
Tui>e 


31 
17 

29 
31 

28 

(( 

30 


Cash,  •. 

John  Hoi  brook, 

Cash, 

do 

M.  Bank, 

Joseph  Law, 
Cash, 


= 


Cr. 


[68] 


Apr. 
June 


Pell's  Sales, 

Profit  and  Loss, 


INTEREST,    DISCOUNT,  BROKERAGE,  PREMIUM,  PROTEST,  &c.  9 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1837 
Feb. 


Mar. 
Apr. 
June 


M.Bank, 

do 

Mdse 

S.  Plantation, 

M.  Bank, 

do 

383^7 

Profit  and  Loss, 


1 

20 

86 

31 

140 

100 

66 


45U 


23 


1837 
Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 
May 


Robert  Trumble, 

Sundries, 

M.Bank,. 

Steamer  Sun,---- 
Patent  Anns  Co 

Cash, 

Sundries, 

M.Bank, 

do 

450,23 


130 
35 
20 
74 
7 
10 
75 
48 
50 

"450 


00 
00 
35 
00 
00 
00 
00 
88 
00 

23 


DANFORTH  MARBLE. 


Dr, 

Cr. 

1837 

Feb. 

17 

28 

M  Bqnk  

4 

2,035 

00 

1837 

Feb. 

1 
June 

25 
30 

Bills  Receivable, 

5 

2,035 

00 

Mar 

M.Bank,    

8 

2,177 

45 

17 

2,177 

45 

... 

Dr. 


1837 
Feb. 


24 


M.  Bank. 


JAMES  R.  MARSTON. 


500 


500 


00 


00 


1837 
Feb. 
Mar. 
June 


Sundries 

Cash, 

do 


Cr. 


70 
100 
330 


500 


00 
00 
00 
00 


Dr. 


1837 

Mar. 


U.  S.  BANK  STOCK. 


M.Bank, 

Profit  and  Loss, 


100 
150 


250 


1837 
Mar. 


Cash, 


Or. 


250 


250 


00 


00 


SIMMONS'  PLANTATION. 


Dr. 


1837 
Mar. 
June 


Sundries, 

Projlt  and  Loss... 


10,000 

4,000 

14.00!) 


1837 

Mar. 
June 


Sundries,- 
Balance,  ■ 


[  69] 


Cr. 


4,000 
10,000 


14,000 


00 
00 

00 


10 


STEAMER  HOPE. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1837 
Mar. 


10 


Cash, 


500 


00 


1837 
Mar. 


13 


Cash, 


500 


00 


EDWARD  CLINTON. 


Dr, 


Cr, 


1837 

Mar. 

June 


20 
31 

30 


Bills  Payable,-. 
Cash, 

1,450 

Profit  and  Loss, 
Balance, 


1,'200 
250 

57 
28,995 


30,503 


00 
00 

25 

75 

00 


1837 
Mar. 

June 


Sundries, 

Bills  Receivable, 

29,368 

House  Ao.lia  Camp  St 
Planters^  Bank  Stock,.. 


27,958 
1,400 

800 
345 


30,503 


00 
00 

00 
00 
00 


HOUSE  AND  LOT  No.  110  CAMP  STREET. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


183" 

Mar 
June 


Edward  Clinton, 
do ■ 


15,500 

800 


16,300 


00 


1837 
Mar. 
May 

June 


Cash, 
do.. 


Balance. 


300 

500 

15,500 


16,300 


00 
00 

00 
00 


Dr. 


PLANTERS'  BANK  STOCK. 


Cr. 


1837 
Mar. 
June 


Edward  Clinton, 
do. • 


11,500 
345 


11,845 


111837 

OOllMay  31 

June 


30 


Cash, 

Balance, 


345 
11,500 


11,845 


00 
00 
00 


Dr. 


STEAMER  SUN. 


Cr. 


1837 

Mar. 

June 


Cash, 

Sundries, 

10,000 

Projit  and  Loss, 


16 


800 
9,200 

1,500 


11,500 


1837 

May 
June 


30 


Cash,  •  • .  • 
Balance. 


1,500 
10,000 


11, .500  00 


00 
00 


TEXAS  LANDS. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1837 
Mar. 


27 


Stock, 


5,000 


1837 

June 


00 
[70  J 


30 


Balance. 


17 


5,000 


00 


Dr, 


1837 
June 


ZOlBalance, 


EXPECTANCIES. 


10,000 


00 


1837 
Mar. 


28  Bills  Receivable, 


Cr. 


11 


10,000 


00 


Dr. 


PATENT  ARMS  CO.'S  SALES. 


Cr. 


1837 

Apr. 

Jun. 


I 

5 

22 

30 


M.  Bank,- 
Cash, 

Balance^  • 


390 
430 

3,730 


4.550 


1 

1837 

1 

00 
00 

Apr. 

8 
10 

00 

11 

20 

28 

00 

^= 

:=. 

Eleazer  Porter,  •• 
Bills  Receivable, 

Cash, 

M.  Bank, 

Cash, 


<fa!) 


9 

9 

9 

10 

11 


800 

750 

300 

1,200 

1,500 

4,550 


00 
00 
00 
00 
00 

00 


Dr. 


1837 

Apr. 


M.  Bank,. 

Sundries,- 

do 


PATENT  ARMS  CO. 


7,808.50 


2,000 

2,808 
3,000 


7,808 


50 


1837 

June 


30 


Balance^  ■ 


Cr 


17 


7,808 


7,808 


50 


50 


Dr. 


^    1837 

Apr. 


GAINES  &  HARDON'S  SALES. 


Cash, 

Sundries,- 


6 
2,234 


2,240 


1837 

Apr. 


Eleazer  Porter,  •• 

Cash, 

Caines&  Hardon 


Cr. 

350 
110 

1,780 
2,240 


00 
00 

.'70 


Dr. 


1837 

Apr. 


Sundries,- 
do 


TRUMBLE'S  SALES 


Cr. 


9 
11 

1,661 
6,182 

50 
33 

7,843 

83 

1837 

Apr 


M.  Bank,  

Robert  Trumble, 
M.  Bank,  


10 
10 
11 


2,500 
3,333 
2,010 

7,843 


00 
33 
50 
83 


[71  ] 


12 


COMMISSION. 


Dr. 

Cr, 

1837 

1837 

June 

30 

Projit  and  Loss, 

17 

1,159 

52 

Apr. 

15 
18 

•26 

Gaines  <fc  Haidon'i  Si's 

Pell's  Sales, 

Trumble's  Sales, 

9 
10 
11 

112 
416 
392 

02 
21 
19 

y^ 

May 

8 

Robert  Trumble, 

12 

29 

10 

y^ 

June 

16 

Flour,  Co.  A 

1,169.52 

15 

210 

00 

_ 

y^ 

1,159 

5'2 



1,159 

52 

Br. 


PELL'S  SALES. 


Cr. 


1837 

Apr. 


Sundries, 

.  do    ... 

do    ... 


1837 

10     2,405 

63 

Apr. 

18 

10        606 

59 

10    8,879 

77 
99 

11,891 

M.  Bank, 


10 


11,891 


11,891 


99 


99 


Br. 


SHIPMENT  TO  LISBON. 


Cr» 


1837 
May 


Sundries, 

do 

Profit  and  Loss, 


3,114 
19,213 

4,587 


26,916 


1837 
May 


Robert  Trumble, 
do 


3,705 
23,210 


26,916 


10 
95 


05 


SHIPMENT  TO  BUENOS  AYRES,  CO.  A. 


Br. 


Cr. 


1737 

May 


12 


John  Holbrook,- 


13 


2,660 


2,660 


1737 

May 


John  Holbrook,- 
Profit  and  Loss,- 


2,506 
153 

2,660 


7i> 
25 
00 


Dr. 


1837 
May 


JOHN  KUSS. 


Sundries, 

S't.  to  Caraccas,  Co.  D. 


2,006 
2,586 
4,593 


1837 

May 


M.  Bank,. 
do... 


72  ] 


Cr. 


2,500 
2,093 
■4;59^ 


00 
32 
32 


WILLIAM    ELLERY. 


13 


Dr. 

Cr. 

1837 

May 

13 

SnnflriP<i 

13 

2,006 

95 

95 

1837 

May 

13 
24 

13 
13 

850 
1,156 

00 

95 

M.  Bank 

2,006 

2,006 

95 

Dr. 


SHIPMENT  TO  CARACCAS,  CO.  D. 


Cr. 


18371 
May  13 
26 


Sundries, 

Profit  and  Loss, 


2,006 
579 

2,586 


1837 

May 


26 


John  Russ,- 


14 


2,586 


2,586 


37 

37 


ALEXANDER  HAMILTON  &  CO.,  HALIFAX. 
Dr.  Cr. 


1837 
May 


27 


Sundries,- 


14 


2,949 


00 


1837 

June 


30 


Balance^ 


2,949 


00 


Dr. 


SHIPMENT  TO  HALIFAX,  CO.  E. 


Cr. 


1837 

May 


37 


Sundries,. 


14 


2,94900 


18371 
June  30 


Balance,,  ■ 


17 


2,949 


00 


Dr. 


ISSTI 

May 

June 


Cash, 

M.  Bank,. 


LOAN  ACCOUNT. 


3,000 
5,000 

8,000 


1837 
June 


M.  Bank,, 
do 


Cr. 


3,000 
5,000 


8,000 


00 
00 
00 


[73] 


14 

Dr. 

MOLASSES, 

NO.  1. 

Cr. 

1837 
June 

14 
15 

2,998 
356 

50 

50 

00 

1837 

June 

3 
11 

James  W.  Carr. 
M  Rnnk 

14 
15 

1,705 
1,650 

3,355 

00 

12  Profit  and  Loss, 

00 

3,355 

00 

Dr. 


1837 

Tune 


Sundries,- 
do 


FLOUR,  CO.  A. 


20,022 

977 


21,000 


1837 
June 


M.  Bank,, 
do.... 


Cr. 


15  10,50000 


15 


10,500|00 


21,000  00 


ly-. 


1837 

June 


19 


Sundries,- 


ELIPHAS  B.  HIBBARD. 


15 


10,383 


10,383 


75 


75 


1887 

June 


Cr. 


Bills  Receivable, 
Flour,  Co.  A 


10,000 
383 


10,383 


00 

75 

75 


SUGAR,  CO.  R. 


Dr. 

Cr. 

1837 
June  22 
25 

15 

16 

11  000  no 

1837 

June 

25 

William  May, 

15 

12,000 

00 

Profit  and  Loss, 

1,000 
12,000 

00 
00 

12,000 

00 

2/r 


!S37 
June 


28! 


M.  Bank,. 


COTTON,  NO.  1 


16 


15,000 


11837 
OOJune 


30 


Balance, 


Cr. 


n 


15,00000 


[74] 


BALANCE. 


15 


Dr. 

Cr. 

1837 

1837 

June 

30 

Merchandise, 

17 

5,000 

00 

June 

30 

Bills  Payable, 

17 

15,071 

00 

(( 

Cfish  

;( 

Q'^fi 

97 

ii 

Edward  Clinton, 
Expectancies, 

(( 

28,995 
10,000 

75 

a 

Merchants'  Bank, 

a 

1,817 

59 

a 

(( 

00 

(( 

H.  &  Lot  35,  Canal  St. 

u 

10,000 

00 

a 

Patent  Arms  Co.'s  Si's, 

(; 

3,730 

00 

a 

Bills  Receivable, 

a 

27,300 

825 

00 

a 

Stock,  

u 

77  960 

'^G 

a 

E.  B.  Stedman,.- 

a. 

00 

a 

John  Holbfook, 

a 

2,365 

00 

/ 

a 

Eleazer  Porter, 

a 

2,038 

50 

/ 

a 

Joseph  Law, 

u 

2,599 

00 

/ 

(( 

Danforth  Marble, 

(( 

2,177 

45 

/ 

(( 

S.  Plantation, 

a 

10,000 

00 

/ 

(( 

H.&  Lot  110  Camp  St. 

(( 

15,500 

00 

1 

u 

P.'s  Bank  Stock, 

u 

11,500 

00 

1 

(( 

Steamer  Sun, 

u 

10,000 

00 

/ 

(; 

Texas  Lands, 

a 

5,000 

00 

1 

(( 

Patent  Arms  Co. 

a 

7,808 

50 

/ 

(( 

A.  Hamihoa  &  Co 

a 

2,949 

00 

/ 

(( 

Shp't.  to  Halifax,  Co.  E. 

ii, 

2,949 

00 

/ 

u 

Cotton,  No.  1 

u 

15,000 

00 

/ 

135,76tJ 

01 

135,766 

01 

i 

""■" 

[75] 


TRIAL  BALANCE  FOR  THE  MONTH  OF  JANUARY,  1837. 


Stock,  

Merchandise, 

Cash,  

Merchant's  Bank, 

House  and  Lot  No.  35,  Canal  St. 

Bills  Receivable, 

Edmund  B.  Stedman,  

John  Holbrook,  

James  H.  Rice,  • 

William  May, 

Gainesand  Hardon,   

James  W.  Carr,.  

Bills  Payable,   

Robert  Trumble,  

Eleazer  Porter,    

Profit  and  Loss, 

Joseph  Law,  

John  C.  Colt, 

Expense,  


Urs. 

Crs. 

8,700 

00 

57,800 

00 

38,39(1 

00 

23,515 

50 

4,G25 

00 

2,200 

00 

19,500 

00 

490 

00 

10,000 

00 

17,300 

00 

2,300 

00 

2,000 

00 

3,180 

00 

5,500 

00 

4,600 

00 

890 

00 

1,000 

00 

2,298 

00 

1,000 

00 

250 

00 

3,000 

00 

4,000 

00 

20,922 

00 

2,000 

00 

4,000 

00 

1,038 

50 

150 

00 

(i(i0 

00 

50 

00 

100 

00 

50 

00 

120,677 

50 

120,677 

50 

TRIAL  BALANCE  FOR  THE  MONTH  OF  FEBRUARY.  1837. 


Merchandise, 

Cash, 

Merchant's  Bank, 

House  and  Lot  No.  35,  Canal  St. 

Bills  Receivable, 

Edmund  B.  Stedman, 

John  Holbrook, 

James  H.  Rice, 

James  W.  Carr,  

Bills  Payable, 

Robert  Trumble, 

John  C.  Colt, 

Expense,  

Interest,  &c. 

James  R.  Marston, 


Drs. 

Crs. 

14,140 

00 

15,010 

47 

4,552 

25 

3,400 

00 

2,900 

25 

10,031 

50 

200 

00 

450 

00 

6,635 

00 

2,800 

00 

1,325 

00 

865 

00 

^00 

00 

1,028 

00 

1,100 

00 

843 

00 

4,750 

00 

5,950 

00 

3,930 

00 

3,000 

00 

400 

00 

100 

00 

108 

47 

165 

00 

500 

00 

70 

00 

42.276 

97 

42,276 

97 

[76] 


TRIAL  BALANCE  FOR  THE  MONTH  OF  MARCH,  1837. 


Stock,  

Merchandise, 

Cash,    

Merchants'  Bank, 

House  and  Lot,  No.  35,  Canal  street. 

Bills  Receivable,  •• 

Edmund  B.  Stedman, 

Bills  Payable,  

Joseph  Law, 

John  C.  Colt, 

Interest,  &c 

Danforth  Marble, 

James  R.  Marston,  

Simmons'  Plantation,  

Edward  Clinton, 

House  and  Lot, No.  110,  Camp  street,- 

Planters'  Bank  Stock,  •••• 

Steamer  Sun,  

Texas  Lands, 

Expectancies, 


Di 


2,800 
20,278 

7,500 
15,900 

3,700 

50 

300 

34 

2,177 

10,000 
1,450 
15,500 
11,500 
10,000 
5,000 


106,190 


00 
45 
00 
00 

00 

00 

IK 

90 

45 

00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 


Crs. 

19,500 
2,150 
4,050 

11,003 

6,000 

7,735 

800 

10,200 


94 

100 

4,000 

29,358 

300 


10,000 


00 
00 
00 
45 
00 
00 
00 
00 


35 

00 
00 
00 
00 


00 


80  106,190  80, 


TRIAL  BALANCE  FOR  THE  MONTH  OF  APRIL,  1837. 


Merchandise, 

Cash,  

Merchants'  Bank,  

Bills  Receivable,   

John  Hoi  brook, 

Gaines  &  Hardon, 

Bills  Payable, 

Robert  Trumble, 

Eleazer  Porter,  

Profit  and  Loss, 

Joseph  Law, • 

John  C.  Colt, 

Expense, 

Interest,  &c 

Patent  Arms  Co,'s  Sales, 

Patent  Arms  Co. 

Commission, 


Di 

4,946 

23,902 

750 

1,980 

9,000 

9,000 

1,150 

1,000 

150 

450 

300 

!^  140 

820 

7,808 

61,397 


00 
49 
00 

50 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
OOj 
00 
00 
00 
50 

49; 


Crs. 
1,760 
0,02 
31,650 
4,300 
1,386 
2,121 
2,880 
5,790 


50 
14 

81 
00 
00 
98 
00 
14 


3 

7 
4,550 


50 
00 

00 


920  42 
6T;397|49 


[77] 


TRIAL  BALANCE  FOR  THE  MONTH  OF  MAY,  1837. 


Merchandise,   

Cash,  

Merchants'  Bank, 

Bills  Receivable, 

Gaines  &  Hardon, 

Bills  Payable.  

Robert  Trumble,  

Profit  and  Loss, 

Joseph  Law,  

Tohn  C.  Colt, 

Expense,  

nterest,  &c 

blouse  and  Lot,  No.  110,  Camp  st 

Planters'  Bank  Stock, 

Steamer  Sun,  

Commission, 

Alexander  Hamilton  &  Co 

Shipment  to  Halifax,  Co.  E 

Loan  Account  


Drs. 

Crs. 

7,603 

50 

4,511 

52 

4,259 

66 

31,229 

16 

25,223 

25 

5,000 

00 

3,450 

00 

1,156 

52 

1,572 

00 

28,415 

15 

30,555 

01 

153 

25 

5,167 

16 

2,949 

00 

250 

00 

139 

00 

183 

88 

500 

00 

345 

00 

1,500 

00 

29 

10 

2,949 

00 

2,949 

00 

3,000 

00 

81,545 

08 

81,545 

OS 

TRIAL  BALANCE  FOR  THE  MONTH  OF  JUNE,  1837. 


Cash, 

Merchants'  Bank,  •• 

James  H.Rice, 

William  May, 

James  W.  Carr,.  ••• 

Bills  Payable, 

Profit  and  Loss, 

Joseph  Law, 

John  C.  Colt, 

Expense,  

Interest,  &c. 

James  R.  Marston,- 

Commission,  

Loan  Account,  

Cotton,  No.  1.    


Drs. 

Crs. 

1,158 

00 

819 

00 

42,650 

00 

60,243 

75 

.  828 

00 

12,220 

00 

12,110 

00 

1,907 

00 

5,000 

00 

1,740 

25 

600 

00 

225 

00 

1,621 

00 

100 

00 

330 

00 

"'<,. 

210 

00 

5,000 

00 

8,000 

00 

15,000 

00 

84,881 

00 

84,881 

00 

[78  1 


TRIAL  BALANCE  FOR  THE  LAST  SIX   MONTia«,  TAKEN 

JUNE  30th,  1837. 


Stock,  

Merchandise, 

Cash, 

Merchants'  Bank, 

House  and  Lot,  No.  35,  Canal  st 

Bills  Receivable,  

Edmund  B.  Stedman, 

John  Holbrook, 

Bills  Payable, 

Eleazer  Porter, 

Profit  and  Loss, ■ 

Joseph  Law, 

John  C.  Colt, 

Expense,  

Interest,  &c 

Danforth  Marble,  

Simmons'  Plantation,  

..Edward  Clinton,  

House  and  Lot,  No.  110,  Camp  street. 

Planters'  Bank  Stock,  

Steamer  Sun, 

Texas  Lands, 

Expectancies, 

Patent  -^  ms  Co.'s  Sales, 

Patent  Arms  Co. 

Commission, 

Alexander  Hamilton  &  Co. 

Shipment  to  Halifax,  Co.  E, 

Cotton,  No.  1. 


Drs. 

8,700 

52,430 

936 

1,817 

17,700 

55,585 

3,025 

6,711 

26,450 

2,188 

3,403 

3,199 

1,725 

2,210 

383 

2,177 

10,000 

1,450 

15,500 

11,500 

10,000 

5,000 

820 

7,808 


2,949 

2,949 

15,000 


|272,218 


00 

00 

97 

59 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

50 

25 

00 

00 

00 

37 

45 

00 

00 

00| 

00 

00 

00 

00 
50 


Crs. 

77,300 

50,039 


6,450 

28,285 

2,800 

4,340 

41,524 

150 

8,557 

600 

3 

450 

4,000 
29,358 


00 
97 


00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
41 
00 

50 
23 

00 
00 


800  00 


345 

1,500 

10,000 
4,550 

1,159 


63  272,218 


00 
00 

00 
00 

52 


63 


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COMPANY   BUSINESS. 

The  books  of  a  company  corporated  or  unincorporated,  are  kept  precisely  the 
same  as  those  of  a  single  individual  under  the  like  circumstances,  except  in  open- 
ing and  closing  them,  when  there  is  a  trilling  variation  in  the  entries.  Instead 
of  the  account  of  Stock  being  opened,  the  private  accounts  of  such  individuals 
are  generally  substituted  who  form  said  firm  or  incorporated  company,  as  you 
will  see  by  the  following  example. 

O^^Somelimes  the  private  secretary  or  president  of  a  company  is  the  only  one  who  knows  who  are,  and  to 
what  amount  the  respective  proprietors  are  interested,  in  wliich'case  the  active  agent  knows  no  one  on  his 
books  excepting  said  individual  either  in  an  account  personal  or  representative,  and  to  whom  he  gives  credit 
for  whatever  may  be  received  for  the  benefit  of  said  concern;  he  (said  secretary  or  presidentjbeing  alone  ac- 
countable for  the  management  of  affairs. 

DAY-BOOK. 
1  New  York,  January   1,  1837. 


The  joint  effects  of  Edward  Sargent,  James  Y. 
Lillibridge,  and  Wm.  Doughty,  in  equal  co-partner- 
ship, as  per  articles  of  agreement. 

Edward  Sargent  has  advanced  Cash — deposited 
in  Merchants'  Bank, • 

Merchandise,  as  per  invoice, 

Sundry  Notes,  as  per  Bill  Book, 

James  Y.  Lillibridge  has  advanced  Mdse.  as  per 

Invoice, 

Sundry  Notes,  as  per  Bill  Book, 

Wm.  Doughty  has  advanced  Cash — deposited 
in  Merchants'  Bank, 

,  Net  Capital, 


20,000 

31,500 

7,500 

00 
00 
00 

42,000 
12,000 

00 
00 

—   59,000 

54,000 
40,000 


153,000 


00 

00 
00 


00 


JOURNAL. 
January  1,  1837. 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Sundries. 

Merchants'  Bank, $60,000 

Merchandise, 73,500 

Bills  Receivable, 19,500 

To  Edward  Sargent, 

James  Y.  Lillibridge, 

Wm.  Doughty, 

[82  J 


59,000 
54,000 
40,000 


00 
00 
00 


COMPANY    BUSINESS. 

You  perceive  from  the  foregoing  that  the  partners  advanced  different  amounts. 
Yet  they  are  in  equal  co-partnership,  tha.t  is,  they  are  to  enjoy  the  profits  or 
loss  equally,  as  per  articles  of  agreement.  Now  each  partner's  one  third  of  the 
whole  capital,  §153,000,  is  .$'51,000;  consequently  Wm.  Doughty  for  his  third, 
in  order  to  be  equal  to  the  amount  of  capital  invested  by  each  of  the  other  t>vo 
partners,  falls  in  their  Debt  to  the  amount  of  $11,000; — to  James  Y.  I.iili- 
bridge  $3,000,  and  Edward  Sargent  $8,000.  He  may  balance  the  difference 
With  these  individuals  by  giving  his  notes,  or  they  may  consider  his  superior 
talents  or  services  in  business  as  a  set-oil'  against  their  larger  amount  advanced. 
Ail  depends  upon  the  articles  of  agreement,  as  well  in  this  as  all  other  co-part- 
nerships. 

In  case  of  a  dissolution,  each  partner,  from  the  Day-Book  statement,  would 
De  entitled  to  withdraw  from  said  concern,  before  any  division  of  property  was 
made,  the  amount  of  capital  originally  invested;  provided  there  wns  nothing 
stated  to  the  contrary  in  the  articles  of  agreement.  Adjustments  of , this  kind 
are  usually  made  apart  from  the  books  of  a  Company,  and  seldom  appear  upon 
them. 

On  closing  Company  books,  the  account  of  Profit  and  Loss  is  closed  to  or  hy 
the  accounts  of  the  individuals  who  form  said  Company,  each  in  proportion  to 
his  share,  as  per  original  agreement. 

Note. —  If  a  paitiier  is  about  to  withdraw  himsslf  from,  and  make  a  final  seltlenient  with,  an  establishment, 
tiiere  are,  under  ceilain  circumstances,  some  nice  and  often  important  points  to  be  looked  to  by  all  concerned. 
The  Irohks  should  first  be*  examined  and  balanced  as  usual.  'It  may  then  be  advisable,  before  closin;  them, 
10  draw  otF  ait  account  current  of  the  parties,  for  the  sake  of  coming  at  the  amount  of  interest  each  one  owes 
the  Company,  as  it  is  manifest  that  one  or  more  of  the  Company  may  have  wiihdrawn  in  advance,  more  than 
a.  jiroportionablc  sum  from  said  concern,  and  appropriated  it  to  his  own  use. 

If  tlie  establishment  be  of  but  short  duration,  the  stock  in  trade  (which  is  usually  taken  at  first  ccst  ou 
"•losing  the  books,)  may  in  fact  be  worth  as  much  more  as  the  original  cost,  per  cent,  on  the  transportation 
etc.  of  said  remaining  stock.  While  on  the  other  hand,  if  the  company  be  of  long  standing,  the  remnants 
or  unsaleable  merchandise_  in  store,  may  have  been  estimated  much  above  its  present  value. 

Again,  the 'debts  due  the  Company  may  not  be  good,  by  at  least  ten  or  twent}'  per  cent,  on  their  original 
amounts.  Also,  the  fixtures  about  the  eeiablishment,  which  are  usually  put  to  the  account  of  expense,  mav 
be  worth  something  handsome,  etc.  etc. 

It  may  occur  in  a  house  tliat,  when  the  sums  total  of  Ihese  amounts  are  collected,  and  a  balance  drawn 
between  the  parties,  tlie  difference  thereby  accruing  shall  not  amount  to  enough  to  pay  tor  tne  trouole  of  such 
an  adjustment;  while  in  another  estabiishmont,  these  riifferences  may  number  thousands;  consequently,  with 
the  sluewd  business  man,  when  these  adjustments  become  worthy  of  notice,  they  are  not  to  be  overlooked 

Note  2d, — Stock  Accounts.  From  the  foregoing  illustration  you  prrccive  that  no  stock  account  is  intro- 
duced. There  are  in  practice,  however,  some  merchants  who  object  to  this  method  of  opening  boftks,  or 
would  consider  the  preceding  entries  as  incomplete  or  unfinished.  Such  would  make  a  subsequent  entry, 
Debting  stock  with  the  whole  sum  of  $153,000  and  Credit  the  partners  Edward  Sargent,  James  V.  Lillibrige 
and  William  Doughty  each  with  their  respective  sums.  The  effect  of  such  an  entry  would  be  to  open  a 
stock  account  which  is  rejected  in  the  foregoing  illustrations.  Should  a  stock  account  be  thus  created 
it'will  present  this  singuku  contrast  ofhaving  the  net  amount  of  capital  in  trade  on  the  debit  side  instead  of 
being  on  the  credit  side,  as  is  the  case  when  books  are  opened  in  a  single  individual  concern.  Furthermore 
should  this  entry  be  made  it  would  lead  to  still  further  objectionable  entries  on  closing  books.  The  effect 
of  making  this  subsequent  entry  is  obviously  bad,  so  much  so  that  I  will  not  dilate  upon  the  entries  that 
■would  necessarily  follow  on  closing  your  accounts,  but  would  rather  suggest  the  following  plan  for  adoption 
if  vou  arc  not  fully  pleased  with  the  preceding  illustration. 

instead  of  making  Merchants  Bank,  Merchandize,  and  Bills  Receivable,  debit  to  each  respective  partner  for 
his  share  advanced,  as  is  illustrated  on  the  preceding  page,  let  these  accounts  be  debited  to  '■  Stock'  or 
<  Stock  in  Co.'  Thus  excluding  from  the  Journal  and  Leger  the  accounts  of  the  partners  and  their  respec- 
tive sums  advanced. 

The  evidence  of  the  sutns  advanced  by  the  partners  may  be  confined  to  the  articles  of  agreement  or  they 
may  be  explained  in  the  details  of  the  Day  Book,  as  illustrated  m  the  example  on  page  82. 

Note  3. — There  are  merchants  who  object  to  opening  a  Stock  account  under  any  circumstances,  or  to  have 
the  sums  advanced  by  individuals  in  a  company  concern,  represented  in  their  respective  personal  accounts  on 
the  Leger.  Such  usually  make  a  note  on  the  first  page  of  the  Leger,  referring  to  some  memorandum-book 
where  "the  balances  are  explained.  The  only  objection  to  having  a  Stock  account  opened  is,  that  clerks 
ind  others  have  it  so  ready  m  their  power  to  discover  the  net  amount  you  may  have  invested  m  trade,  &c. ; 
which  is  at  times  certainly  desirable  Iq  be  kept  a  secret. 


AUXILIARY   BOOKS, 
F  O  R  M  S,  &c. 


The  different  Auxiliary  books  and  Forms  made  use  of  in  doing  busi- 
ness are  so  exceedingly  simple  that  it  requires  hardly  an  explanation  to 
understand  them,  when  as  in  the  following  pages,  you  have  the  Forms  as 
examples.  However,  I  have  given  brief  explanations  of  those  I  thought 
might  prove  most  difficult  to  be  understood.  But  I  must  still,  for  the 
better  to  qpable  you  to  comprehend  them,  refer  you  to  the  Forms  them- 
selves. 

These  Forms,  when  connected  with  the  Day-Book  entries  of  this  work, 
are  only  carried  to  an  extent  sufficient  to  illustrate  the  piajis  in  which 
thev  are  usually  kept  or  made  out. 

[  84  1 


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do. 
S.  Hewes, 
Mdse. 

do. 
J.  II.  Rice, 
Bills  Payable, 
J.  Caldwell, 
Cash  Lent, 
J.  H.  Rice, 

D.  Marble, 
Md?e. 

E.  Clinton, 

My  Heirs, 
Palent  Arms  Go's  sales 
Df 't  on  R,  Trumble 
Flour  Co.  A 

03 
en    .• 

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do. 

do. 
B.  W.  Foster 
J.  H.  Saxton 
J.  H,  Rice, 
J.  C.  Colt, 
J.  Caldwell, 
.1.  C.  Colt, 
J.  IL  Rice, 
J.  C,  Colt, 

do. 

do. 
D.  Lc  Mont, 
D.  B.  Carroll 
J.  C.  Colt, 

do. 

do. 

do 

ci 

s 

o 

f 

>> 

O     O 

J.  Bouhar 
S.  Hewes 
R.  A.  Hal 
R.  Hemm 
L.  Shafer 
S.  A.  IIu 
J.  R.  Ma 
H.  Seldei 
VV.H.Ma 
D.  Marbl 
Robards  t 
R.  J.  Bow 
F.  K.  Ma 
Kerbey  <S 
Baltimore  1 
T.  M.  Ka 
J.  N.  Re> 
E.B.Hib 

J  to 

o      1 

r-r-, 

--1  C5  CO  — 1  -^  t^  ^  in  —  in  00  CO  <.-  <-  cc  ■S  iz  CO 
>— 1  c\>  o>  '^>  ""  .— c  CO  ^  '>>  -H  c>  c)  '^>  T— < 

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^                          «S                           <1  l«  1-5 

•aoqiuii\ 

[86] 


CASH-BOOK. 


This  book  is  universally  used,  and  on  which  all  moneys  received  and  paid 
av^ray  are  directly  or  indirectly  entered.  It  is  usually  kept  at  the  desk,  inde- 
pendent of  the  receiving  drawer.  Much  depends  on  the  extent  of  the  establish- 
ment, in  regard  to  the  manner  in  which  the  sums  received  and  paid  are  usually 
entered. 

In  most  trading  houses,  the  money  received  for  various  articles  goes  into  the 
store  drawer,  and  at  night  is  counted  out,  when  the  amount  is  transferred  to  the 
desk,  and  the  Cash-Book  is  debited  with  the  same.  Also,  an  entry  is  made  on 
your  Day-Book  at  the  time,  giving  Merchandise  Credit,  and  Debiting  Cash,  or  is 
deferred  to  be  done  at  the  end  of  the  week  or  month.  This  D.B.  entry  is  necessa- 
ry, that  the  Leger  account  of  Cash  and  the  Cash-Book  may  agree,  as  well  as  to  give 
Merchandise  Credit  for  the  goods  sold.  In  other  establishments,  each  amount  re- 
ceived or  payed  avi^ay,  is  specifically  entered  on  the  Cash-Book,  which  is  posted 
from  time  to  time  to  the  Leger. 

Cash  accounts,  of  all  others,  are  the  most  difficult  to  keep  correct,  and  require 
great  care  on  the  part  of  the  accountant,  who  can  adopt  much  better  such  a  method 
as  best  suits  the  business  in  which  he  is  engaged,  than  any  given  general  rule 
would  supply. 

Note. — The  form  here  given  for  keeping  a  Cash-Book,  is  rather  made  to  yield 
to  the  illastration  of  the  principles  of  the  science  as  laid  down  in  the  Day-Book, 
than  for  practical  use;  therefore,  for  further  information,  you  are  requested  to 
examine  Practical  Forms  in  part  second  of  the  Teachers'  and  Clerks'  edition. 
'  p.'  refers  to  amounts  that  have  been  posted  before  writing  up  the  Cash-Book  at 
end  of  the  month. 


CASH. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


1837 

Jan. 


Stock, p 

James  H.  Rice, 

Merchandise, p 

E.  B.  Stedman, 

J.  H.Rice, p 

J.  Caldwell, p 


1837 

500 

00 

Jan. 

0 

500 

00 

8 

625 

00 

10 

2,000 

00 

20 

900 

00 

21 

100 

00 

25 

29 

31 

1,025 

00 

Expense, 

J.  C.  Colt, 

Joseph  Law, 

Merchants'  Bank, 

J.  C.  Colt, 

Expense, 

Joseph  Law, 

New  Acc't., 


[  87] 


CASH. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


10 
20 
23 

24 
27 


1 

5 

7 

9 

(( 

10 
13 


1 

2 
11 
12 

28 


Old  Acc't, 

Mdse •• 

do 

do p 

do 

House  on  Canal  St- 

James  H.Rice, p 

Mdse 

do 

J.  R.  Marston, p 

Sundries,  

Old  Acc't 

Mdse 

House  110  Camp  St 
U.  S.  Bank  Stock,  p 
Profit  and  Loss,--p 

J.  R.  Marston, 

Sundries, 


New  Acc't 

Merchants'  Bank, 

Sundries,  p 

J.  Hubbard, 

Sundries,  p 


2,425 

1,000 
580 
486 
500 
450 
300 
263 
782 
55 
135 


6,977 


3,577 
150 
300 

250 
1,000 

100 
1,000 


6,377 


1,427 

1,000 

560 

1,386 

2,000 


Mar. 


1837 

Feb. 


Apr. 


J.  C.  Colt, 

J.  Holbrook, 

J.  C.  Colt,. 

Bills  Receivable,  p 

R.Trumble, 

New  Acc't 


Simmons's  Plantion, 

J.  C.  Colt,  

J.  Law, 

Steamer  Hope, p. 

Steamer  Sun, p. 

E.  Clinton,  

Profit  and  Loss,  -p. 
New  Acc't 

Sundries, p. 

Profit  and  Loss,  .-p. 

Pell's  Sales, p. 

Merchants'  Bank, 

J.  C.  Colt, 

Pell's  Sales,   

do.     do p. 

J.  Law,  

Expense,  

P.  Arms  Co.'s  Si's  p. 
Patent  Arms  Co.  p. 
New  Acc't 


100 

200 

300 

1,300 

1,500 

3,577 


6,977 


2,200 
300 
50 
500 
800 
250 
850 

1,427 


6,377 


6 

1,000 
15 

2,000 
450 
186 
488 
150 
300 
430 

1,000 
346 

6,373 


00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
25 


25 

00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
25 


25 

50 
00 
38 
00 
00 
88 
38 
00 
00 
00 
00 
11 
25 


[88] 


CHECK-BOOK. 


This  is  a  printed  book  of  blank  Checks  with  a  broad  margin,  which  is  gene- 
rally used  for  the  purpose  of  recording  all  moneys  or  Notes  deposited  ki  the 
Bank;  and  the  amount  of  money,  in  whose  favor,  or  on  what  account,  Checks 
were  drawn.  When  you  keep  a  Bank  Account  in  the  Leger,  (it  is  unnecessary 
to  say,  if  correct,)  this  book  and  said  Leger  Account  will  agree.  When  you 
would  draw  money  that  has  been  deposited,  one  of  these  Checks  are  filled  up, 
signed,  and  handed  to  the  Teller  of  the  Bank. 

It  is  customary  for  most  Banks,  as  often  as  once  a  month,  to  have  one  af  the 
Clerks  write  up  and  balance  individual  Bank  Books,  in  correspondence  with 
their  Leger.  When  this  is  done,  (for  your  own  satisfaction  and  for  the  detection 
of  errors  and  frauds,)  you  balance  your  Check-Book,  and  see  if  they  correspond. 

Note. — Providing  you  keep  a  Banic-Account  on  your  Leger,  which,  together  with  your  Bank-Booki  is  the 
natui-al  and  sufficient  guard  against  mistakes  and  frauds,  the  trouble  of  entering  deposites  on  this  bouk  may 
be  dispensed  with. 


1837 
Jan. 


Feb. 


10 


Deposited 


No.  L  in  favor  of 
B.  W.  Foster,  on  ao 
count  of  freight,  &c. 
from  Lisbon, 


Deposited 
do. 


No.  2,  in  favour  of 
Sam'l.  Eells,on  acc't 
of  insurance  of  goods 
in  Store, 


Deposited 
do. 


14,500 


490 


14,010 

3,000 
2,000 


00 


00 


19,010 


200 


18,810 

500 
2,400 


21,710 


Note. — By  adding  the  amount  of 
your  deposits,  and  subtracting  the 
sums  drawn,  you  have  remaining  the 
amount  of  money  in  Bank. 


X  No.  /. 

X  J<Mua^  /^,  183/. 

C  Cashier  of  Merchants' Bank,  New 
v>Orleans,  Pay  to  ^^n^?,  ^  .^ft«fc^ 

Xor  ^^^-S&^^^oui^untAec^aTi^  JPCnOm 

<5pollars ^o4n  ^.  <^^. 


\..y 

..■■■\ 

V.,' 


No.  2. 

^eC^uta/iu  /    1837. 

{^  Cashier  of  Merchants'  Bank,  New 
vyOrleans,  Pay  to  ^othu^^  Se^^  or 
XBearer,  STwo  ^*4^tdut^  Dollars 


5  No. 

X  ^^^  • 

X  Cashier  of  Merchants'  Bank,  New 
XOrleans,  Pay  to  or 

Dollars 


QBearer, 

v/' 


5>^ 


\  89  1 


>£)<r-:::-cx::'0«oo< 


BAN  K-B  O  O  K 


This  is  simply  a  Memorandum-Book,  on  which  the  Receiving  Clerk  of  the 
Bank  enters  the  amounts  of  money  you  deposit,  at  the  time  of  said  deposit. 
A.nd  as  often  as  about  once  a  month,  a  Clerk  of  the  Bank  enters  upon  it  the 
separate  amounts  you  may  have  drawn  therefrom,  and  balances  the  same; 
which  is  called,  writii^g  up  and  balancing. 


MERCHANTS'  BANK. 


I)r. 


Or. 


1837 
Jan. 


Feb. 


Deposited, 

do 

do 

Balance,  ■•• 

Deposited, 

do 


19,500 


19,010 

500 

2,400 


1837 
Jan. 


Check, 
Balance 


FORM  OF  A  BILL. 


Mr.  Richard  Pulcn 

12  boxes  Raisins,  a  $3 
6       "      300  lbs.  Sperm  Candles,  a  30  c 
1,000  lbs.  CheeH<:,  a  10  c. 

200    "     Loaf  Sugar,  a  14  c. 
1,000    "     Orleans  do.  a  9  c. 

t  hhds.  1.169  gs.  Molasses,  a  20  c. 
10  bis.  Flour,  a  $4  50 
6  bush.  Salt,  a  60  c. 
50     "       Apples,  a  70 


At  90  dav« 


New  Orleans,  January  5^  183' 
Bought  of  J.  S.  Triest, 

$36  00 


90  00 

100  00 

28  00 

90  00 

233  80 

45  00 

3  60 

35  00 

$661  40 


INYOICE-BOOK, 


AND 


COMMISSION-INVOICE-BOOK 


These  books  are  used  variously  in  different  establishments,  and  with  equal 
propriety.  In  one  you  will  find  the  Invoice-Book  used  for  copying  all  bills  of 
goods  as  purchased.  In  another,  such  goods  as  are  received  for  sale  on  account 
of  others.  And  in  some  establishments  the  distinct  branches  are  entered  in  one 
book.  The  Commission-Invoice-Book,  when  kept,  is  usually  confined  to  the 
copying  of  the  Invoices  of  such  goods  as  are  intrusted"  to  jbur  care  tor  sale. 

Some  file  their  Invoices  without  copying  them;  others  have  blank  Books 
made  and  paste  their  Invoices  in  them,  to  save  the  trouble  of  copying  and  filing. 


Invoice  of  42  Pipes  Wine,  shipped  per  Frances  Mary,  Victor,  bound  to  New 
Orleans,  on  account  and  risk  of  John  C.  Colt,  Merchant  there,  and  to  him  con- 
signed, pursuant  to  his  order. 


p  o 
crq  o 

p 
*-< 

td 
c 
o 


22  Pipes  Lisbon  Wine,  2,500  gs.  (a)  75(|? 

20     ''     Madeira  do.     2,430  gs.  ©  82(j? 

Charges. 

Drayage,  Wharfage,  and  Shipping $35.71 

Commission  at  2j  per  cent,  on  $3,867.60 96.69 


Lisbon,  December  5th,  1836. 


(Signed)      Robert  Trumble. 


Invoice  of  Sundries  sent  by  Gaines  &  Hardon  to  John  C.  Colt,  Merchac!: 
of  this  city,  to  be  sold  on  account. 


td 

O 


10  hhds.  1,550  gs.  St.  Rum,©  $1 

16     «       2,335  gs.  Molasses,  ©  20({? 

2    bis.        65  gs.  Whiskey,  Q  70(t?  ...,. 

5  pipes,    625  gs.  H.  Gin,'©  $1.50  •. 

New  Orleans,  April  7th,  1837. 

(Signed)     Gaines  &  Hardon. 
[  91  1 


INVOICE-BOOK. 


Irr'okiC  cf  16  cases  Fire  Arms  ard  their  fixtures,  shipped  by  Patent  Arms  Co., 
per  Bikg  Margaret,  Scarborough,  for  New  Orleans,  and  consigned  to  John  C.  Colt, 
Merchant,  to  be  sold  on  their  .account. 


to 


Case  No.  1 

2 
"  3 

"  4 

"  5 

6 
"  7 

S 
*■  9 

'•  10 

"  11 

"  12 

"  13 

"  14 

"  15 

"  16 


12  Rifles, 

12     do. 

12     do. 

12     do. 

12  Fowling  Pieces, 

12     do.  d** 

12  Musket*, 

12     do 

12     ia 

12  Holster  Pistols, 

12     do.  do. 

12  Pocket       do. 

12     do.  do. 

12     do.  do. 

200  Gun  Fixtures, 
220  Pistol     do. 


No.  1  (S)  $50 

2  40 ^.. 

3  32.50 

4  25 

1  60 

2  40 

2  30 -. 

3  20 ... 

4  15 : 

2  20. « .. 

3  15.. ^..- 

1  40 

2  30 

3  22.50.  „ 

(a)  $2 

(a)  $1 


Paterson,  March  15,  1837. 


$600  00 


480 
390 
300 
720 
480 
360 
240 
180 
240 
180 
480 
360 
270 
400 
220 


$6,000 


00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 


00 


(Signed)  Geo.  D.  Selden,  Agent, 


BILL  OF  LADING. 

This  is  an  instrument  used  as  cognizance  of  merchandise,  or  other  property, 
naving  been  shipped  for  transportation.  It  is  customary  to  have  three  of  the  same 
tenor  and  date.  One  is  retained  by  the  person  who  receives  the  goods  on  shipment, 
another  is  kept  by  the  person  who  ships  the  goods,  and  the  third  is  forwarded  to 
the  person  to  whom  the  goods  are  shipped.  These  instruments  are  printed  blanks, 
of  which  the  following  is  a  form.     The  part  in  lYa/tw  is  the  filling  up  of  a  shipment. 

^t)tiPPttl«  by  James  Hoge  on  board  the  ^^/awitc,  whereof  James  Bell  is  mas- 
ter, now  in  the  port  of  NctD-^orkj  and  bound  for  Liverpool,  To 
say  :  Fifty  Bales  Cotton,  Thirty  Hogsheads  Sugar,  and  Seventy- 
Five  Barrels  Molasses,  being  in  good  order  and  well-conditioned, 
marked  and  numbered  as  in  the  margin,  and  to  be  delivered  in  the 
like  good  order  and  condition  (danger  of  the  seas  excepted),  unto 
JOHJY  ROSS,  or  to  his  assigns,  he  or  they  paying  freight  for  the 
said  Merchandise,  primage  and  average  accustomed.  |N  WITNESS 
WHEREOF  the  Master  or  Purser  of  the  said  vessel  hath  affirmed  to 
three  Bills  of  Lading,  all  of  this  tenor  and  date ;  one  of  which 
being  accomplished,  the  others  to  stand  void. 

Dalted  m  NEW  YORK,  the  4th  day  of  March,  1841. 

JAMES  BELL,  Master 
[92] 


John  Ross, 
Liverpool. 


SALES-BOOK, 
COM  MISSION-SALES- BOOK, 


AND 


OUT  WARD -IN  VOICE -BO  OK. 


When  your  business  is  done  in  the  manner  I  have  exemplified  in  the  months 
of  April  and  May,  a  book  recording  in  detail  your  Sales  and  consignments  be- 
comes indispensable.  Most  heavy  dealers  (especially  'Dry  Goods  Merchants) 
keep  their  Books  after  this  form;  and  with  equal  propriety  they  use  their  Sales- 
Book,  Commission-Sales-Book,  and  Outward-Invoice-Book,  together  or  sepa 
rately,  as  convenience  directs. 

New  Orleans^  April  11,  1837. 


D.  B. 
page  9. 


D.  B. 
p.  11. 


D.  B. 
p.  11. 


Sold  Davis  &  Kirkpatrick  for  Cash, 

20  lbs.  Hyson  Tea,  (a)  $1 

10   «  "Nutmegs,  ©$2.50  

700  «     Sugar,  ©15(1?  


26 

Sold  John  Hickman  for  Cash — deposited,  Trumble's  Goods 

6  doz.  Men's  Gloves,  CS)  $6 

12    «    Women's  do.   ©  $5 

4  ps.  130  yds.  Black  Broadcloth,  (a)  $5 

6"     180    "Blue  do.  ©$4.  •• .... 

3«       70     "Brown       do.  0  $4.50 

4  «     120     "   Muslin  Prints,  ©  $1 

4"     125    «      do.       do.  ©75$ 

2  «       63    "  Calico,  ©  25(j? 


May  1. 


Invoice  of  Sundries  shipped  per  Brig  James,  Lamb,  and  con 
signed  to  Robert  Trumble,  Lisbon,  to  be  sold  on  my  account. 

20  kegs,  2800  lbs.  Tobacco,©  12(t? ••• 

25  firkins,  1750—150  =  1600  lbs.  Butter,©  20(t? 

170      "       6980—1040  =  5,940  lbs.  Lard  ©  lOdSf 

350  bbls.  Flour,  ©  $5 


Charges. 

Drayage,  Cooperage,  &c $16.25 

Insurance,  Policy,  and  Bills  of  Lading, 98.25 


[93  1 


20 

25 

105 


150 


36 

60 

650 

720 

315 

120 

93 

15 


2,010 


336 

320 

594 

1,750 


3,000 
114 


3,114.50 


00 
00 
00 


00 


00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
75 
75 


50 


0() 
00 
00 
00 


00 
50 


FORM   OF   AN   ACCOUNT-SALES. 


When  Goods  received  on  Commission  are  sold,  it  is  customary  for  the  in- 
trusted agent  to  make  out,  for  the  inspection  of  the  consigner,  an  account  in 
detail  of  the  sales  of  said  goods;  together  with  such  charges  as  have  been  made, 
on  moneys  advanced  or  paid  on  the  same  account.     See  formula. 

Account  Sales  of  Sundries  per  ship  Friend,  Fulton,  from  Lisbon,  and  sold 
by  J.  C.  Colt,  by  order,  and  on  account  and  risk  of  Mr.  Robert  Trumble. 


1837 

Apl. 


20  By  Edward  Huntington — Cash. 

4  pipes,  500  gs.  Lisbon  Wine,  Co)  $1. 
6  "  750  "  Madeira  "  (a)  $2.  • 
4      «      500  «        do.        "    ©  $1,  . 


21 


26 


^    500 

1,500 

500 


By  James  A.  Johnston— Robert  Txumble's  Draft  on  C.  &  S 
81  pipes,  10,101  gs.  Malaga  Wine  (damaged)  (a)  334?.... 

By  John  Hickman — Cash. 

6doz.  Men's  Gloves,  fcD  ,$6 $  36.00 

in's  do.  (a)  $5 60.00 

130  yds.  Black  Broadcloth,  (B)  $5.00 G50.00 

"      Blue         do.    rS)   $4 720.00 

"      Brown     do.   (a)   |4.50, 315.00 

"      Muslin  Prints,  fa)  $L 120.00 

"        do.          do.   Q75(j?  93.75 

«      Calico,  ©  25(j? 15.75 


Charges. 

Duties, $1,440.00 

Bond  and  Permit,  1.25 

Drayage  and  Laborers,  8.75 

Advertising, 3.50 

Freight,  208.00 

Com.  on  $7,843.83  (a)  5  per  cent 392.19 


12    " 

W 

4  ps. 

130 

6  " 

180 

3  « 

70 

4  « 

120 

4  « 

125 

2  « 

63 

Balance  of  Sales  carried  to  your  Credit, 
New  Orleans,  April  27th,  1837. 

(E.E.) 

[94] 


2,50000 


3,333 


2,01050 


John  C.  Colt. 


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[  96  ] 


POSTAGE-BOOK. 


Dates 


When    I 

received       From  whom 
or  Beat        or  to  whom, 
off. 


On  what 
account. 


Where  from  or 
where  to. 


Remarks. 


1837 
Jan 


1836 
Dec. 
1837 
Jan. 


1837 

5 

Jan. 

5 

1 

a 

10 

13 

a 

25 

20 

a 

25 

25 

a 

25 

P.  S.  Gerald, 

B,  Brown, 

D.  M.  Lawrence, 

R.  Trum'ble, 

do. 


J.  C.  Colt, 
B.  Brown, 
D.  M.  Lawrence. 

R.  Trumble, 

do. 


To  Philadelphia 

From  N.  York, 

"  Cincinnati. 

"  Lisbon, 

To  Lisbon, 


i 
25 
25 
50 

75 

6 


Containing  $500. 


Notp — Thi"9  hook  is  seldom  used  evcept  by  commission  raercnants. 


RECEIPT-BOOK. 

This  book  is  in  common  use  and  is  kept  for  taking  acknowledgements,  and 
as  a  legal  evidence  of  there  having  been  an  interchange  of  money,  or  other 
specified  consideration,  for  a  stated  and  specified  purpose,  between  the  parties 
concerned. 


C.B. 
Page  L 


C.B. 
Page  2. 


D.B. 

Page  16 


Received    New   Orleans,  Feb.  3d,  1837,  from  Mr.  J.  ;C.  Colt,  two 
hundred  dollars  on  account. 

1^200.  John  Holbrook. 

Received    New    Orleans,    June  3d,  1837,  from  Mr.  John  C.  Colt, 
two  hundred  and  twenty  dollars,  in  full. 

$220.  Wm.  May. 

Received  New  Orleans,  June  28th,  1837,  from  Mr.  J.  C.  Colt,  nine 
hundred  dollars  in  full  for  six'  months  rent  of  Store  No.  13  Camp  St. 
$900,  McGuFFY,  Talbot,  &  Co. 

Per  A.  Kinmont. 


New  Orleans,  June  28th,  1837, — I  owe  Messrs.  John  Peters  &:  Co.  one 
thousand  dollars,  to  be  paid  on  the  30th  instant.  J.  C.  Colt. 

Received    from  Messrs.  J.  &  J.   Sleven.  one  hundred  dollars  to  be  paid 
July  5th,  1837.  J.  C.  Colt. 

New  Orleans,  June  28th,  1837. 

New  Orleans,  June  30th,  1837, — Received  of  Messrs.  Lemont  &  Ander- 
son, five  hundred  dollars  in  part  of  their  account.  J.  C.  Colt. 


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STEAM-BOAT  REPORT. 


Steamer  Sun,  Trip  No.  5,  from  Cincinnati  to  New  Orleans,  May  29th,  1837. 

Cr. 


JNo. 


On  what  Account. 


I     Paid.     II  Charged.  ||  Total  AmuT 


23 
13 
14 


Am't  of  Freight  as 
per  Freight  Book, 

Cabin  Passengers,   . 
Way  do.       do 

Deck,  

Way  do 


362 

1,150 

235 

140 

40 


1,232 


95 


362 
1,232 

1,385 

180 


62 
95 

I 
00 

00 


Contra. 


1 3,160 
Dr. 


57 


Date. 


On  what  Account. 


II  Charged.  ||     Paid.     ||  Amount. 


May 


18 
19 
20 


Robert  Watkinson's  Bill, 


C.  D.  Bradford's 
May  &  Case's 
Steward's  Book, 

Wood,  

Hands, 


do. 
do. 


51 
31 


83 


12 


12 

50 
415 
175 


652 


65 


83 
652 


$735 


12 

65 

77 


Recapitulation  . 

Am't  for  Freight,  ^ 

"      "    Passengers, 

Am't  of  Debts  contracted, 
Cash  paid, 

To  Messrs.  Caldwell,  York  &  Co. 
[102] 


11,595.57 
1,565.00 

$  83.12 
652.65 


$3,160.57 

$    735.77 
$2^24.80 


Per  S.  F.  Batks, 

Clerk. 


FORM   OF   A  MANIFEST 


MANIFEST. 


Steamer  Sun,  Trip  No.  5,  from  Cincinnati  to  New  Orleans,  May  29th,  1837. 


Consigned  to 

Destination. 

Marks. 

Articles. 

Buchanan  &  Gray, 

New  Orleans, 

<S><S> 

35  Boxes, 

do. 

do. 

<|x8> 

46  Bales, 

do. 

do. 

<^<§> 

500  Bbls.  Whiskey, 

Cody  &  Lewis, 

do. 

<|><Q> 

200    "      Pork, 

Sands  &  Brother, 

do. 

Furniture, 

R.  Wood  &  Co. 

do. 

<$x^ 

50  Boxes, 

do. 

do. 

<^X|> 

10  Trunks, 

Smith  &L  Biddle, 

do. 

225  Bbls.  Apples, 

J.  Carroll, 

do. 

^^ 

3  Trunks, 

Buchanan  &  Gray, 

do. 

<$><^ 

100  Bbls.  Pork, 

do. 

do. 

<^ 

200    "      Whiskey, 

De  Wolf  &  Brown, 

do. 

<^<^ 

12  Boxes, 

ao. 

do. 

^x^ 

25  Bales, 

do. 

do. 

^>^ 

200  Bbls.  Pork, 

do. 

do. 

<%^ 

150    «      Whiske/a 

Fred.  Hyett, 

do. 

<Sx8> 

500    «      Flour, 

Fred.  Howe, 

do. 

<^ 

Furniture, 

Wm.  Wright, 

do. 

<^ 

50  Bis.  Eggs, 

Davis  &  Webb, 

Vicksburg, 

<S> 

Furniture, 

"  do. 

do. 

<^ 

50  Bbls.  Flour, 

Sam'l  F.  Batks, 

Clerk. 


FORM   OF  A  BILL. 

Messrs.  Buchanan  &  Gray, 

To  Steamer  Sun,  Dr. 

For  Freight  on  81  Packages,  2,960  lbs.  (a)  75(}? $  22.20 

«  "  500  Bbls.  Whiskey,  ©  50(t?  250.00 

«  .t  200  «  do.  Q  50(i»  100.00 

«  «  100  "      Pork,  (a)  75^  75.00 

From  Cincinnati.  |447.20 

N.  O.  May  20th,  1837. 

Rec'd  Pay, 

Sam'l.  F.  Batss, 
Cl'k. 


ORDER-BOOK. 

This  Book  is  for  taking  copies  of  all  orders  received  for  Merchandise. 

MEMORANDUM- BO  OK. 

This  Book  is  used  for  taking  note  of  mercantile  affairs  of  importance  thai 
have  occurred,  or  are  likely  to  occur,  or  which  you  wish  to  bring  about  by 
some  movement  of  your  own,  etc.,  etc.  They  are  often  kept  for  definite  pur- 
poses about  an  establishment.  Most  merchants  and  other  business  men,  for 
convenience  sake,  carry  one  in  their  pocket. 

EXPENSE-BOOK. 

This  Book  is  for  keeping  in  detail  the  summary  Expenses  that  are  constantly 
occurring  about  an  establishment.  It  is  usually  kept  in  or  about  the  receiving 
Cash  drawer,  and  is  generally  for  its  aggregate  amount  written  up  and  .posted 
once  a  month. 

LETTER-BOOK. 

This  Book  is  used  for  taking  copies  of  all  important  Letters  passing  between 
business  men.  A  business  Letter  is  usually  written  in  brief  terms,  explaining 
much,  and  leaving  room  to  infer  more.  A  young  man  that  has  an  opportunity 
of  copying  Letters  in  an  extensive  establishment,  may  deem  himself  most  fortu- 
nate; for,  in  addition  to  learning  that  clear,  concise,  and  easy  way  that  well 
educated  Merchants  have  in  explaining  themselves,  he  here  learns  the  handling 
of  the  keys  of  the  hidden  springs  of  trade.  The  diction  of  every  language  forms 
his  critique;  the  wants  of  every  people  an  anxious  movement  to  supply;  the  pro- 
ducts of  every  nation  he  sees  benefiting  his  own;  the  productions  of  every  clime, 
unfolding  a  benign  Providence,  are  developed  and  brought  to  a  discussion  as  to 
the  extent  they  might  benefit  his  own  country.  And  here,  too,  is  frequently  to 
be  obtained  the  first  clue  to  the  dethronement  of  kings;  the  dissolution  of  em 
pires;  the  organization  of  governments;  of  battles  to  be  fought;  of  victories  won 
or  lost;  of  nations  growing  in  their  strength,  or  decaying  in  their  magnificence 

r  104  ] 


END  OF  SCHOOL  EDITION 


In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  there  will  be  found  in  Part  2d  oif  the 
Teachers'  and  Clerks'  Edition,  directions  for  the  learner  when  pursuing 
the  study  of  Book-keeping,  without  the  assistance  of  a  teacher,  a  Key 
explaining  the  manner  of  Journalizing  the  Day-Book  entries,  with 
reference  to  the  Rules  under  which  they  fall,  and  the  nature  of  the  busi- 
ness transactions;  a  Vocabulary  of  Mercantile  Terms  and  Phrases; 
Practical  Forms  for  keeping  Books  in  every  extent  and  variety  of 
Commercial  Houses ;  different  forms  for  keeping  a  Journal ;  Public  Ad- 
dresses, etc.  etc. 

N  [  105  ] 


PART   SECOND. 


ii«i 


DIRECTIONS  TO  THE  LEARNER 

First  make  yourself  acquainted  with  the  first  Ten  Rules  of  accounts.  Then 
copy  the  first  month  of  the  Day-Book,  journalize  and  post  the  same,  and  prove 
your  posting  by  a  trial  Balance,  (see  formula  at  the  end  of  the  Leger).  Close 
your  Cash  and  Bank  accounts  on  your  Leger  at  the  end  of  every  month. 

In  taking  off  a  Trial  Balance  at  the  end  of  each  month,  you  will  not  include  the  amounts  of  the  old  and 
new  balances  of  Cash  and  Bank  accounts,  as  ihey  have  neither  of  them  a  corresponding  balance  in  any  one 
month,  as  the  credit  balance  of  one  month  is  alwa)'3  the  debit  balance  of  the  next.  These  accounts  in  busi- 
ness are  left  open  to  be  closed,  when  you  have  taken  a  trial  balance  for  the  month.  It  may  not,  on  the  first 
time  going  over  the  work,  be  advisable  to  take  a  trial  balance  until  the  end  of  the  six  months,  although  in  ac- 
tual busines5,  these  balances  are  usually  taken  off  regularly  at  the  end  of  each  month.  Incase  you  do  not 
take  your  trial  balance  to  prove  your  work,  examine  your  Cash  and  Bank  account  with  the  Leger  an- 
nexed, if  necessary,  to  see  wherein  you  may  be  in  error. 

"  Having  completed  the  first  month,  proceed  to  copy  February;  journalize  and 
post  as  before. 

In  addition  to  the  Ten  first  Rules,  which  you  have  learned,  study  the  two  next 
Nos.  11  and  12.  You  will  have  frequent  use  for  these  in  journalizing  the  month 
of  March.  Post  as  before.  Next  proceed  to  acquaint  yourself  with  Rules 
Nos.  13  and  16 ;  these  will  be  of  frequent  application  in  the  month  of  April.  In 
the  month  of  May,  in  addition  to  the  first  Ten  Rules,  you  will  have  frequent  use 
for  No.  14.  June,  the  last  month,  is  confined  to  speculations  and  its  peculiar 
principle  is  explained  in  Rule  15th. 

You  will  find  it  a  good  plan,  until  you  become  a  proficient  in  the  principles  of 
the  science,  to  practice  reading  daily  the  Day-Book  entries,  and  give  the  appli- 
cation of  the  rules  in  your  own  mind,  and  then  look  to  the  Joui'nal  and  see  if 
you  are  con-ect;  which  for  your  convenience  is  here  given  on  the  opposite  page, 
though  in  actual  business  these  books  are  usually  kept  separate. 

After  you  have  examined  your  Journal  sufficiently  to  enable  you  to  make  a 
proper  application  of  your  Rules,  lay  your  books  aside,  and  trust  entirely  to  the 
directions. 

If  you  meet  with  technical  terms  with  which  you  are  not  acquainted,  you  will 
find  an  explanation  in  the  Vocabulary.  Also  to  understand  the  nature  of  any  of 
the  Day-Book  entries,  and  the  reason  why  they  are  journalized  as  they  appear 
to  be,  turn  to  the  Key.  This  Key  explains  the  nature  of  the  most  difficult  of 
the  Day-Book  transactions,  precisely  as  a  teacher  would  or  should  explain  them 
to  the  learner;  and  which  the  author  believes  to  be  a  sufficient  guide  to  assist  any 
young  man,  who  has  had  the  advantage  of  a  common  school  education,  in  ac-r 
quiring  a  knowledge  of  the  science,  without  the  trouble  and  expense  of  further 
instruction. 

Once  going  over  the  work,  will  develope  to  you  the  principles  of  the  science, 
but  to  make  yourself  an  accountant,  you  must  repeat  it  as  often  as  may  be  neces 
sary,  to  make  you  capable  of  applying  under  any  circumstances, these  princi- 
ples. To  acquire  this  proficiency,  one  scholar  may  not  spend  over  a  fortnight, 
while  another  will  require  three  months.  Much  depends  upon  previous  educa- 
tion. 

While  studying  the  book  as  above  directed^  take  a  general  survey  of  the  in- 
troductory part. 

Having  mastered  the  principles  of  the  science  as  laid  down  in  the  first  part  ot 
the  work, — next  proceed  to  investigate  the  Practical   forms  for  keeping  books. 

[  109  ] 


DIRECTIONS  TO  THE  LEARNER. 

You  will  find  these  forms  both  easy  to  be  understood  and  complete  in  practice. 
It  may  be  well,  perhaps,  for  you  to  examine  the  Practical  Forms,  after  you  have 
gone  over  the  main  body  of  the  'work  once  or  twice,  for  the  sake  of  giving  en- 
couragement to  your  pursuit.  You  will  find  that  keeping  books  in  most  estab- 
lishments is  quite  simple,  in  comparison  to  studying  the  principles  of  Double 
Entry  Book-keeping  from  mixed  entries. 

To  THE  Teacher. — In  giving  instruction  to  quite  young  pupils,  and  such 
scholars  as  had  enjoyed  but  trifling  advantages  of  education,  I  have  found  it  a  good 
plan  to  have  them  go  over  the  first  division  or  first  two  months  of  the  Day-Book, 
several  times,  before  advancing  them  into  the  other  divisions  or  more  diflSicult 
branches  of  the  science.  The  pupil  may  copy,  journalize  and  post  these  two 
months,  without  regard  to  other  parts  of  the  work ;  and  the  same  with  the  other 
divisions. 

Judging  from  a  close  eye  upon  the  effect  produced  in  this  method  of  instructing 
young  pupils,  I  recommend  it  to  your  consideration  and  trial.  Should  you  con- 
fine the  learner  to  a  repetition  of  the  several  divisions  of  the  work,  till  he  seems  to 
possess  a  mastery  of  each  particular  part ;  it  will  be  found  advisable  to  omit  an 
attempt  to  take  off  a  Grand  Balance  Sheet,  until  he  is  capable  of  going  regularly 
and  uninterruptedly  through  the  work.  And  in  some  cases,  I  have  not  even  trou- 
bled the  scholar,  on  the  first  time  going  through,  to  take  off  a  Trial  Balance. 

The  pupil  having  a  printed  Journal  before  him,  should  be  questioned  upon  his 
Journalizing ;  that  it  may  be  discovered  whether  or  not  he  is  cheating  himself  and 
wronging  his  benefactor,  in  an  apparent  and  not  a  real  progress.  After  he  has 
gone  through  the  work  once  or  twice,  as  may  be  advisable,  with  the  aid  of  his 
book,  he  should  then  be  required  to  complete  his  Journal  and  Leger,  from  a  copy 
of  his  Day  Book,  and  the  assistance  of  the  rules  alone. 

r  110 1 


VOCABULARY. 


A. 
A.  and,  at, 
Abatement,  discount  for  damages  on  goods,  and  prompt  payments  ot  written  or 

implied  obligations. 
Acct.  or  Account,  an  exhibit  of  the  debts  and  credits  of  an  individual. 
Accept,  see  acceptance. 

Acceptance,  to  endorse,  an  engagement  to  pay  a  bill. 
Accommodation,  when  applied  to  bills,  is  where  the  drauoee  lends  his  name  for  the 

benefit  of  the  drawer. 
Account  Current,  an  exhibit  in  detail  of  the  Debits  and  Credits  of  a  running  ac 

count  between  two  parties. 
Account  Sales,  an  exhibit  of  the  sales  of  Merchandise  disposed  of  on  commission 
Ad  infinitum,  without  end. 
Ad  libitum,  at  pleasure. 

Administrator,  the  manager  of  a  deceased  person's  estate. 
Ad  valorem,  according  to  value,  value  given  to  merchandise  on  the  first  cost. 
Advance,   money    paid  on  property  or  goods  expected,  and  for  a  lien  on  goods 

in  possession;  a  per  centum  above  a  certain  value. 
Adventure,  goods  sent  to  a  distance  to  be  sold  on  commission. 
Agent,  one  employed  to  transact  business  for  another. 

A.  M.  before  noon,  in  the  year  of  the  world. 
Amt.  or  Amount,  sum  total. 

Annuity,  money  paid  periodically. 

Annul,  to  make  of  no  account. 

Apr,  April. 

Arbitration,  a  difference  of  opinion  left  to  persons  chosen  by  the  parties   inter 

ested. 
Assignment,  property  conditionally  transferred  to  another. 
Assignee,  a  person  deputed  to  manage  the  affairs  of  a  bankrupt. 
Attachment,  a  claim  on  property  legally  executed 
Aug.  August. 

Average,  sums  allowed  for  losses  at  sea. 
Award,  judgment  rendered  by  arbitrators. 

B. 

B.  B.  Bill  Book. 

Bankrupt,  one  unable  to  pay  his  debts. 
Balance,  the  difference  between  the  footings  of  an  accouaU 
Barter,  an  exchange  of  one  commodity  for  another. 
Bill,  term  applied  to  drafts  and  notes. 

r  111  1 


VOCABULARY. 

Bill  of  Enfr-i/,  a  list  of  goods  in  detail,  entered  at  a  custom-house. 

Bill  of  Lading,  a  conditional  agreement  between   the  captain  of  a  vessel   and 

the  shipper  of  goods. 
Bill  of  Sale,   a  legal  disposal  of  goods  under  seal. 
Bill  of  Store,  a  custom-house  license  to  merchants  for   carrying    to  sea   ship 

stores  and  provisions  free  of  duty. 
Bill  of  Exchange,  an  order  for  the  payment  of  money. 
Bl.  barrel. 
Blank   Credit,  permission  granted  by   one  house  to  another,  to  draw  on  it  at 

pleasure  to  a  certain  amount. 
Bond,  a  Bill  with  security. 
Bo7ia  Jide,  in  good  faith. 

Bounty,  premium  given  for  the  encouragement  of  manufacturers,  trade,  etc. 
Bonded  Goods,  merchandise  warehoused  upon  bond  being  given  for  the  payment 

of  duties. 
Bot.  bought. 

Bottomry  Bond,  mortgage  or  lean  upon  a  vessel. 
Broker,  a  money  and  stock  trader. 
Bi'okerage,  a  per  centage  allowed   or   received  on  the   purchase  and   sales   of 

money  and  stocks. 
Bu.  or  bush.,  bushel. 
Bureau,  an  office  desk. 

C. 

C.  cent  or  cents. 

Carrying  Trade,  is   the  transportation   and   exportation   of  goods  by   vessels 

from  nation  to  nation.     England  and  the  United  States   enjoy  the  benefit 

of  more  than  two   thirds    of  this  trade   of  the  whole  commercial    world. 

It  is  secured  by  the  direct  and  indirect  laws  of  these  politic  governments. 
Capital,  Stock  in  trade. 
Capt.  Captain. 

Carte  blanche,  unconditional  terms. 
C.  B.  Cash  Book. 
C.  /.  B.  Commisson  Invoice  Book. 
Charter  party,  an  agreement  between  the  owner  of  a  vessel  and  an  individual, 

who  engages  the  whole  vessel  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  goods  from  one 

port  to  another  for  an  amount  specified. 
Circular  Letter,  a  printed  notice  issued  by  a  house  relative  to  its  business. 
Clearing  a  Vessel,  is  entering    at  the  Custom-house    all  particulars  relating  to 

her  when  she  is  ready  to  sail. 
Closing  an  Account,  is  to  balance  it. 
Cocket,  a  Custom-house  discharge  on  the  entry  of  goods. 
Com.  commercial  or  commission. 

Commission,  a  percentage  allowed  on  the  sale  of  goods. 
Co.  or  Company,  see  co-partnership. 
Compromise,  an  adjustment  of  a  dispute. 

Consignment,  goods  sent  to  an  agent  to  be  sold  on  account  of  the  consignei. 
Connoisseur,  a  skilful  judge. 
Contraband  Goods,  articles  prohibited  by  law. 
Contingent,  proportion,  the  share  of  one  in  business. 

[  112  ] 


^ 


VOCABULARY. 

Contra^  on  the  other  side,  opposite. 

Convoy^  ships  of  war  sailing  as  protection  to  other  vessels. 

Co-partnership,  the   union  of  two  or  more    persons  united  for  the   purpose  o< 

trade. 
Consignee^  6ne  to  whom  merchandise  is  shippea. 
Counter  Order,  a  revocation  of  a  former  order.        ^ 
Cartage,  a  train  of  attendants. 
Cr.  creditor  or  credit. 

Credit,  the  amount  of  confidence  reposed  in  others. 
Creditor,  the  person  or  thing  owed. 

C.  S.  B.  Commission  Sale  Book. 

Custom-house^  offices   for  government  agents  who  collect  duties  on  goods. 
Cwt.  hundred  weight. 

D. 

D.day. 

Days  of  Grace,  time  allowed  for  the  payment  of  a  Bill  after  the  same  becomes 
due — by  the  banks  of  the  United  States  usually  three  days. 

D.  B.  Day  Book. 

Debenture,  a  draw  back  on  duties  when  imported  and  afterwards  exported  ac- 
cording to  law. 

Debtor,  the  person  or  thing  that  is  in  debt. 

Dec.  December. 

Defalcation,  diminution,  cutting  off. 

Demurrage,  penalty  incurred  ibr  delaying  a  ship  beyond  the  time  specified  in 
her  Charter  Party. 

Dep.  Deputy. 

Depots  a  store  or  magazine. 

Deviation,  a  term  applied  when  a  vessel  has  passed  the  limits  prescribed  in  an 
article  of  insurance,  which  frees  the  underwriters  from  all  obligations, 

Dft.  draft. 

Discount,  an  amount  deaucted  on  the  payment  of  a  bill. 

Dividend,  gains  on  stock,  shares  in  trade,  etc. 

Do.  ditto. 

Dock,  a  lodgment  for  vessels. 

Doz.  dozen 

Dr.  debtor. 

Draft,  a  bill  drawn  on  another  for  money. 

Drawer,  the  author  of  a  bill. 

Drawee,  the  person  on  whom  a  bill  is  drawn. 

Drawback,  sums  allowed  from  the  fulfilment  of  certain  conditions  or  subsequent 
considerations. 

Dubious-paper,  Bills  of  doubtful  credit  or  value. 

Due  Protection,  promptly  accepting  or  paying  a  bill 

Duplicate,  a  copy. 

Duty,  government  tax  on  exported  and  imported  goods. 

Dwt.  Pennyweight. 


[113] 


VOCABULARY. 

E. 

Fj.  E.  ell  English,  Errors  Excepted. 

Ed.   editor. 

Effects^  monies,  goods,  etc. — the  whole  or  a  part  of  a  man's  property. 

Effected  an  Insurance,  to  complete  an  insurance  on  property. 

E.  Fl.  ell  Flemish. 

E.  Fr.  ell  French, 

Ell,  a  measure  of  one  yard  and  a  quarter. 

Embargo,  government  and  legal  arrests  of  shipping  or  merchandise. 

Emporium,  a  principal  place  for  the  sale   of  merchandise,  a  mart-,  a  commer* 

cial  city. 
Endorse,  to  write  your  name  upon  the  back  of  a  Bill;  see  Acceptance. 
Engrossing,  see  Fore-stalling. 
Entry,  a  record  made  on  an  account  book. 
Entre  nous,  between  ourselves. 
Esq.  Esquire. 
Ex.  example. 

Exchange,  a  place  where  Merchants,  Bankers,  Brokers,  etc.  congregate. 
Exchanges,  discount  and  premium  accruing  to  the  purchase  and  sales  of  bills 

and  money. 
Ex  officio,  officially. 
Ex  parte,  on  one  side. 

F.        .  , 

tace,  the  amount  for  which  a  Bill  is  drawn. 

Fac  simile,  an  exact  copy. 

Failure,  to  fail,  not  to  be  able  to  pay  ones  debts. 

Favor,  a  Bill  is  drawn  in  '•''favor''''  of  the  person  to  whom  it  is  made  payable. 

Feb.  February. 

Finance,  belonging  to  revenue,  generally  public. 

Financier,  one  skilled  in  money  matters;  a  revenue  officer. 

Finn,  the  title  given  to  a  house  in  co-partnership  trade. 

First-rate  Paper,  unquestionable  bills,  drafts,  etc. 

Flat,  dull  sales  of  any  one  or  more  articles  of  merchandise. 

Fore-closing,  a  mortgage  compelling  the  payment  of  a  debt  or  the  disposal  of 

stipulated  property. 
Fore-stalling,  the  purchasing  of  merchandise,  and  warehousing  it  for  the  purpose 

of  raising  the  price  in  market. 
Folio,  on  account  Book. 

Freight,  sums  paid  fo^  thp  transportation  of  merchandise. 
F^foot. 

G. 

Gal.  gallon. 

Gent,  gentleman. 

Guarantee,  a  pledge  to  the  fulfilment  of  stipulations. 

Grace^  see  '  Days  of  Grace." 

Gs.  srallons. 

[  114  ] 


VOCABULARY. 

H. 

H.  hour. 

Honors,  when  applied  to  drafts,  means  to  accept  or  pay. 

Hhd.  hogshead. 

I. 

Jan.  January. 

/.  B.  Invoice  Book. 

Importation^  the  bringing  of  goods  from  a  foreign  or  distant  country  to  your  owni 

In.  inch,  im*«rest. 

Indemnity,  security  given  against  loss. 

Indorsement,  to  guarantee  that  a  Bill  shall  be  paid. 

Ins.  insurance. 

Insolvent,  one  whose  goods  and  money  will  not  discharge  the  amount  of  his  debts. 

Inst,  or  Instant,  the  present  month. 

Instalments,  sums  to  be  paid  at  stipulated  times  upon  stocks  or  debts. 

Int.  Interest. 

Interest,  sums  allowed  for  the  use  of  money,  goods,  etc. 

In  tola,  entirely. 

Inventory,  an  account  in  detail  of  merchandise,  etc. 

Invoice,  a  description  of  goods  in  detail. 

Journal,  book  for  giving  Leger  titles  to  the  Dr.  and  Cr.  sums  of  the  Day-BooR 

or  other  record  of  original  entry. 
Jun.  Junior,  June. 


L.  Leger. 

Land-waiter,  a  custom  house  officer  who  takes  an  account  of  goods  imported. 

Lb.  a  pound  (in  weight.) 

L.  B.  Letter  Book. 

Lease,  a  contract  grantingfor  a  stipulated  sum  temporary  possession  of  property 

Leger,  a  book  representing  a  man's  property,  etc.  in  language  mercantile. 

Letter  of  Attorney,  see  Power  of  Attorney. 

Letter  of  Credit,  a  writing  granting  one  person  to  receive  money  on  the  credit 

of  another. 
Letter  of  License,  a  written  permission  granting  a  person  under  embarrassment 

to  conduct  his  business  for  a  time  without  molestation. 
License,  a  legal  privilege  to  sell  certain  articles  of  commerce. 
Lieu,  one  thing  instead  of  another. 
Lighter,  shoal-water  craft. 

Lighterage,  a  charge  for  carrying  goods  to  and  from  a  vessel  in  a  lighter. 
Liquidation,  closing  business  by  receiving  and  paying  all  debts. 
Loss,  to  the  contrary  of  profit,  on  any  business  transaction. 
L.  S.  D.  pounds,  shillings  and  pence. 
L.  F.  Leger  Folio. 


[115] 


VOCABULAHY. 

M. 

Mang.  manufacturing. 

Manifest,  a  list  of  a  vessel's  cargo. 

Manufacture,  articles  produced  from  raw  materials. 

Manufactory,  a  place  of  making  articles  of  commerce. 

Mar.  "March. 

Mart,  a  place  of  public  traffic. 

Maturity,  the  time  when  a  Bill  falls  due. 

Maximum,  the  highest  price  of  any  article. 

McVse.  merchandise. 

Merchandise,  articles  of  commerce. 

Merchant,  a  buyer  and  seller  of  merchandise. 

Minimum,  the  lowest  price  of  any  article. 

Mint,  a  place  of  coining  money. 

Mo.  month  or  months. 

Money,  circulating  medium;  gold,  silver,  copper  and  legal  paper. 

Monopoly,  exclusive  power  or  privilege,  legally  or  illegally  acquired,  to  traffic 

in  articles  of  commerce. 
Mr.  Mister. 
Mutual  Debts  and  Credits,  a  set-ofF  of  one  debt  or  a  credit  for  another,  between 

two  parties. 
Mutual  Promise,  an  understanding  between  two  parties  conditionally  to  fulfil 

certain  acts. 

N. 

PTational  Debt,  a  debt  due  by  a  community  through  their  agent,  the  government. 

N.  B.  mark  well. 

Ne  Plus  Ultra,  the  greatest  extent. 

Net  Proceeds,  the  balance  of  the  sale  of  goods  after  deducting  all  expenses. 

Net  Weight,  the  estimated  weight  of  a  commodity,  after  a  deduction  of  the  tare. 

No.  in  number. 

Non  Claim,  an  omission  to  assert  one's  right  or  demand. 

Notary  Public,  a  person  legally  authorised  to  take  note  of  the  non-payment  of 

ail  bills,  promissory  notes  etc.  which  is  called  protesting;  also  to  attest  deeds 

and  other  important  documents. 
Note,  a  written  obligation  to  pay  money,  memorandum. 
Nov.  November. 

O. 

Oct.  October. 

Obligation,  a  document  binding  one  or  more  individuals  to  discharge  certain 

conditions  therein  stated. 
Obligee,  one  bound  by  a  contract. 
On.  a  bill  is  drown  "on"  the  person  who  is  to  pay  it. 
Office,  a  place  for  transacting  business. 
Order,  a  request  to  deliver  or  pay  to  a  person  certain  monies  or  goods,  a  request 

to  forward  merchandise. 
Oz,  ounce. 

[  116  ] 


VOCABULARY. 

p. 

F.  page,  pipe. 

Pack  or  Package^  goods  bundled  together. 

Packer^  one  who  bundles  goods. 

Par  of  Exchange,  the  intrinsic  value  of  money  when  compared  with  other  couD" 

tries,  both  in  weight  and  fineness. 
Parcel,  a  term  applied  to  several  small  packages  of  goods. 
Partnership)  see  co-partnership. 

Part  Owners,  a  term  applied  to  those  who  own  stock  in  vessels  with  others. 
Parole,  word  of  promise.  '' 
Payee,  him  to  whom  money  is  payable. 
Per,  by,  by  the. 
Pgr  annum,  by  the  year. 
Per  cent.,  by_  the  hundred. 
Pk.  peck  (in  measure.) 
Policy,  or  Policy  of  Insurance,  an  instrument  drawn  by  the  underwriters,  who 

insure  property  against  fire  and  other  losses. 
Portage,  the  incidental  sums  paid  by  a  captain  in  running  his  vessel. 
Postf  see  posting. 
Posting,  transferring  the  amount  or  amounts  of  any  business  transaction  to  the 

Leger. 
Pr.,  pair. 
Pres.,  president. 
Prem.,  premium. 
P7-emiu7n,  sums  paid  for  the  insurance  of  property;  sums  allowed  on  the  ex 

changes  of  money  and  bills,  as  per  cent,  above  their  par  value. 
Price  Current,  a  list  of  various  articles  of  merchandise  and  their  market  value. 
Prmcf/ja/,  the  chief  of  a  commercial  house   or  firm;  capital   sum  due,  lent  or 

owed,  m  contra  distinction  to  interest. 
Prisage,  the  Government  share  of  merchandise  taken  at  sea  in  time  of  war. 
Pn'ma^e,  a  per  cent,  allowed  to  the  captain  ofa.vessel  on  the  amount  of  freight. 
Pro  and  Con,  for  and  against. 
Profit,  gain  on  any  business  transaction. 
Pro  Forma,  a  Latin  phrase  applied  to  any  description  of  paper,  as  Pro  Forma 

Account  Current,  etc. 
Promissory  Note,  a  note  of  hand  binding  the  signer  or  signers  to  pay  a  certain 

'  sum  at  a  stated  period. 
Protest,  a  Notary's  document  declaring  a  bill  was  not  paid  when  it  fell  due. 
Proximo,  the  liext  month. 
Ps.,  piece  or  pieces. 
P.  S.,  postscript. 
Pt.,  pint  (in  measure.) 


Q. 

Qjr,,  quarter. 
Qt.,  quart. 
Qu.  or  Qy.,  query. 

Quarantine,  a  restraint  sometimes  put  upon  a  vessel  on  her  arriving  in  port, 
also  certain  duties  imposed  on  shipping. 

[117] 


VOCABULARY. 


R. 


Rate  of  Exchange,  the  per  centum  above  or  below  the  par  value  of  a  Bill  of 

Exchange. 
Rebate,  an  allowance  in  the  purchase  of  goods,  for  prompt  payment. 
RechI,  received. 

Receipt,  a  written  acknowledgment  of  having  received  money  or  other  value. 
Remittance,  bills  or  money  sent  from  one  house  to  another. 
Rencounter,  an  unexpected  meeting. 
Rendezvous,  place  of  meeting. 

Renewal  of  a  Bill,  to  prolong  the  time  for  paying  a  bill. 
Retail,  to  deal  in  merchandise  by  the  small  quantities. 
Returns,  an  expression  applied  to  the  receiving  of  an  Account   Sales  of^mer- 

chandise. 
Ruse,  a  stratagem. 

S. 

Salvage,  sums  allowed  wreckers  for  saving  property  from  the  perils  of  the  sea. 

Sample,  a  specimen  of  an  article  of  merchandise. 

Saiig  froid,  coolness,  indifference. 

S.  B.,  Sales-Book. 

Schedule,  the  statement  of  any  business  affair. 

Sea-ioorthy,  a  ship  fitted  in  every  respect  for  her  destined  voyage. 

See*,  secretaiy. 

Seizxu-e,  an  arrest  of  merchandise  or  other  property. 

Sen,,  senior. 

Sept.^  September. 

Set-off^  one  thing  of  value  set  off  against  another,  between  traders. 

Set  of  Exchange,  this,  like  a  Bill  of  Exchange,  is  an  order  for  the  payment  of 

money;  and  is  thus  distinguished  from  there  being  usually  three  drawn  of 

the  same  tenor  and  date,"  instead  of  one,  as  is  the  case  with  a  Bill,  each  ha? 

a  different  conveyance  to  prevent  failures,  and  upon  one  being  paid,  the 

remainder  are  of  no  value. 
Shipment,  see  consignment. 

Sightf  or  at  sight,  means  the  time  of  paying  a  bill  is  when  it  is  presented. 
Signature,  the  name  of  a  person  in  his  own  writing. 
Sine  die,  without  fixing  the  day. 
Sine  qua  non,  an  indispensable  condition. 

Smuggling,  passing  goods  into  a  country  without  paying  duties. 
Solidity,  the  estimate  a  mercantile  house  bears  as  to  property. 
Solvent,  competent  to  pay  all  just  debts. 

Special  Endorsement,  is  to  particularize  the  conditions  of  an  endorsement. 
St.,  street,  saint. 

Staple  Goods,  the  principal  produce  of  a  country;  goods  not  liable  to  perish. 
Stock,  capital  invested  in  trade. 
Sundries,  more  than  one. 
Surety,  one  bound  for  the  payment  of  another's  debts. 


[118] 


1% 


VOCABULARY. 

T. 

r.,  ton. 

Talhj^  to  keep  a  reckoning. 

Tare^  an  allowance  for  the  weigt:  t  fj{  fciJffOaji  bogs,  etc.  in  which  merchandise  is 

put  up. 
Tariff,  an  act  of  government  requiring  duties  on  certain  kinds  X)f  merchandise. 
Teller,  one  employed  to  receive  and  pay  money. 
Tide  waiters,  officers  employed  to  see  to  the  lading  and  unlading  of  vessels,  as 

a  check  on  contra-band  trade,  etc. 
To  balance,  is  making  the  debit  and  credit  sides  of  an  account  equal* 
To  credit,  to  enter  a  sum  on  the  credit  side  of  an  account. 
To  debit,  to  enter  a  sum  on  the  debtor  side  of  an  account. 
Tonnage,  the  capacity  of  a  vessel  for  carrying  goods,  her  burthen. 
Total  sales,  the  gross  amount  produced  by  the  sale  of  property. 
Trader,  a  buyer  and  seller  of  merchandise  or  other  property. 
Trustee,  one  who  has  the  care  of  an  estate  or  property  in  general  for  others. 

U. 

Ult.  or  Ultimo,  the  last  (month.) 

Umpire,  one  appointed  by  arbitrators  to  make  a  settlement  of  a  dispute. 

Underwriters,  persons  who  insure  property  against  risks. 

Usury,  the  taking  of  more  than  legal  interest  for  the  use  of  money. 


V. 


Veto,  I  forbid  it. 
Verbatim,  word  for  word. 
Via,  by  the  way  of. 
Vice  versa,  the  reverse. 


W. 


W.,  week.  ^ 

Warehouse,  a  place  of  depositing  goods. 

Wharfage,  money  paid  for  the  use  of  a  wharf. 

Wreckers,  persons  employed  in  saving  property  from  the  perils  of  the  sea. 

Wt.    weiorht. 


Y. 


Td.  yard. 
Yds.  yards 
&c.  and.so  on. 

=,  equal  to. 

-|-,  more  to  be  added. 

— ,  minus  or  less. 

X?  multiply. 

-T-,  divide. 


[119  J 


KEY. 


January  1st.,    1837. 

See  Day-Book  Page  1st.  Under  this  date  you  will  find  an  exhibit  of  your 
Effects,  on  the  strength  of  which  Credit  or  value  you  intend  to  do  business. 

You  perceive  on  the  Journal,  that  Sundries  is  made  debtor  to  Stock ;  that  is. 
Stock  is  to  be  credited  for  the  whole  amount  ,$57,800,  and  the  Sundries,  being 
the  accounts  which  follow,  are  to  be  debited  each  with  its  respective  amount. 
Look  to  the  Rules,  of  which  each  of  these  accounts  form  a  title,  and  they  will 
explain  fully  why  they  are  thus  disposed  of.  The  individual  names  or  accounts 
are  explained  in  Rule  9th. 

Also,  under  this  date  there  is  an  exhibit  of  the  Debts  you  owe.  On  the  Jour- 
nal, Stock  is  made  debtor  to  Sundi'ies,  for  the  whole  amount  agreeable  to  Rule 
1st.  The  individual  accounts  are  credited  by  Rule  9th,  and  Bills  Payable  by 
R.  5. 

Your  Books  being  opened  agieeable  to  the  explanation  given  in  each  of  the  rules  above  referred  to,  you 
are  prepared  to  commence  trade. 


This  is  a  simple  sale  of  Merchandise  on  a  credit,  and  the  individual  to  whom 
It  is  sold  must  be  Debited,  agreeable  to  R.  9th.  and  Mdse.  Credited,  as  directed 
by  R.  2d. 

Note. — Where  you  find  the  length  of  time  explained  in  this  class  of  entries  where  credit  is  given  to  tho 
purchaser,  you  will  understand  it  to  be  a  mere  Day-Book  memorandum. 


See  explanation  under  the  4th  instant. 

7   


This  is  a  simple  purchase  of  Merchandise  on  account.  Merchandise  must  be 
Debited,  as  per  R.  2d.  and  the  individual  of  whom  you  purchase  the  goods  must 
be  Credited,  as  per  R.  9th. 


See  explanation  under  the  7th  instant. 


This  entry  expresses  the  fact  of  your  having  received  a  Note  of  Mr.  Hewes 
in  foil  for  what  he  owes  you  on  account.  Bills  Receivable  must  be  Debited,  as 
per  R.  4th.  and  Hewes  Credited,  R.  9th. 

r  120  ] 


KEY. 

^January  10 

See  explanation  under  the  4th  instant. 


Entries  of  this  kind  are  common  in  an  importing  house.  Most  imported  goods 
are  sent  to  the  Merchant  in  pursuance  of  an  order  or  request  sent  to  the  indi- 
vidual or  company,  to  whom  he  desires  to  forward  such  articles  as  may  be  named 
in  the  order.  You  perceive  that  this  transaction  is  entirely  on  account  of  Mer- 
chandise, consequently  Mdse.  R.  2d.  must  be  Debited  with  the  whole  cost. 
Trumbull  Credited  with  the  arnt.  of  goods,  he  sends  you,  R.  9th.  Bills  Payable 
Credited  with  the  am't  of  Bonds,  R.  5th,  and  Merchants'  Bank  with  the  am't  of 
money  drawn  out,  R.  6th. 

Note. — You  understand  that  Merchants'  Bank  is  the  only  depository  you  have  for  your  money.  If  you  had 
other  Banks  or  places,  you  would  always  be  obliged  to  particularize  in  your  Day  Book  entries. 


13 


You  have  accepted  Trumble's  draft,  that  is,  yo:;  write  the  word  "Accepted" 
across  the  face  of  the  draft,  and  give  the  date  of  this  transaction  ahd  affix  your 
name.  It  then  becomes  a  Bill  of  your  own,  and  Bil.'s  Payable  must  be  Credited 
R.  5th.  and  Trumble  Debited  with  the  same  amoujii   R.  9th. 


It  appears  from  this  entry  that  you  paid  to  Mr.  Evens  the  am't  of  ^100,  in 
goods  from  your  store,  in  pursuance  of  a  written  request  of  Mr.Carr;  the  conse- 
quence is,  that  Carr  must  be  Debited  with  the  am't  of  the  Order,  as  the  goods 
are  disposed  of  on  his  acc't,  R.  9th.  and  Mdse.  Credited  with  the  same,  R.  2d. 


16 


From  this  transaction  it  appears  that  Carr  has  given  an  Order  on  you  to  the 
amount  of  ^150,  for  which  he  should  be  Debited,  R.  9th.  Porter,  in  whose  fa 
vour  the  order  is  drawn,  says  place  the  same  to  my  Credit,  R.  9th.  as  appears 
from  the  entry. 

Note. — I  have  heard  some  men  of  business  argue  that  this  entry  was  not  mercantile.  On  the  contrary,  I 
conceive  it  to  be  strictly  so,  and  always  politic  to  make  such  accommodations.  Although  there  is  no  apparent 
fain  to  you,  yet  ultimately  it  may  prove  of  great  benefit.     Men  scklom  forget  favours — look  ahead. 


Here  you  pass  your  notes  for  Mdse.,  consequently  Merchandise  should  be 
Debited  with  the  total  am't,  R.  2d.  and  Bills  Payable  Credited  with  the  like  Sum, 
R.  5th. 


This  represents  a  barter  trade  with  Mr.  Foster.     He  receives  of  you  Mdse.  to 

the  amount  of  .^8,625,  for  which  am't.  Merchandise  must  be  Credited  R.  2d.  and 

that  which  you  receive  in  payment,  under  Leger  titles  must  be  Debited.     The 

first  am't  $3,000  goes  to  Bills  Payable,  R.  5th.     He  appears  t<-  '   ,ve  held  this  Note 

'     p  [  121  ] 


KEY. 


against  you.  The  sum  $2,000  appears  to  be  the  am't  of  a  note  he  held  against 
Mr.  Hatcher,  which  he  turns  out  as  part  payment;  tliis  goes  to  Bills  Receivable, 
R.  4th.  He  gives  you  a  Check  on  the  National  Bank,  which  you  deposite  in  you 
own.  Merchants  Bank,  R.  6th.  and  Cash  for  the  balance,  R.  3d. 

January  21' 


Here  you  sell  a  quantity  of  Mdse.  for  a  Note,  Bills  Receivable  must  be  Debited 
for  the  amount  of  the  note  you  receive,  R.  4th,  and  Merchandize  credited  with 
the  amount  of  goods  disposed  of,  R.  2d. 


25 


See  explanation  under  the  4th  instant. 
■  26  


See  explanation  under  the  4th  instant. 

Mr.  Rice  pays  you  on  account  a  Note  he  holds  against  Shafer;  Bills  Receiva- 
ble must  be  Debited  with  its  am't,  R.  4th.  Also,  an  Order  drawn  on  you  by 
Gaines  &  Hardon,  they  must  be  Debited  with  this,  R.  9th,  and  he  gives  you 
Cash,  which  must  be  likewise  Debited,  R.  3d.  Rice,  of  course,  gets  credit  for 
the  total  am't.,  as  per  R.  9th. 


See  explanation  under  the  4th  instant. 

.  27  


In  this  entry  you  perceive  that  you  give  a  Note  of  your  own  drawing,  for 
which  Bills  Payable  mast  be  Credited,  R.  5th,  and  in  consideration  receive 
Hudson's  for  the  same  am't,  for  which  Bills  Receivable  must  be  Debited,  R.  4th. 

This  is  an  accommodation  transaction,  one  that  frequently  occurs  among 
merchants  when  they  are  hard  pushed  for  money.  Notes  thus  received  are 
usually  endorsed,  thrown  into  Bank,  and  by  this  means  money  raised  upon 
your  neighbor's  credit  to  meet  your  demands. 


It  appears  from  this  transaction,  that  you  consent  to  receive  from  Caldwell 
one-half  of  what  he  owes  you,  and  thus  make  a  full  settlement  of  accounts. 
You  receive  Cash,  which  must  be  Debited,  R.  4th;  a  Note,  for  which  Bills  Re- 
ceivable must  be  Debited,  R.  3d,  and  you  consent  to  lose  the  balance  $600; 
this  goes  to  Profit  and  Loss,  as  per  R.  10th,  and  Caldwell  must  be  Credited  with 
the  full  am't  ($1,200)  that  he  owes  you. 


28 


It  appears  in  this  transaction  that  you  have  taken  up  your  note  of  $1,000,  for 
which  Bills  Payable  must  be  Debited,  R.  5th.  In  paying  for  this  Note  you  give 
Mdse.  $578.  Credit  Merchandise  for  this  am't,  R.  2d,  and  Credit  Bills  Payable 
with  $422,  the  amount  of  the  new  Note,  R.  5th. 

[  122  3 


KEY. 

January  31. 


It  appears  from  this  entry,  that  you  have  received  these  sums  of  money  this 
month,  and  entered  them  on  your  Cash-Book,  and  they  not  having  been  posted, 
you  bring  them  to  your  Day-Book  in  a  collected  form,  in  order  to  give  Credit  to 
each  respective  account,  the  amount  thereof  belonging  ;  and  likewise  to  Debit  Cash 
with  the  whole  amount  received  this  month,  which  has  not  before  been  posted. 


Here  is  a  collection  from  your  Cash-Book  of  moneys  disposed  of,  or  paid  out 
during  the  month,  and  which  have  not  yet  been  carried  to  your  Leger :  they  are 
brought  here  in  a  collected  form  for  that  purpose.  Each  account  is  Debited  with 
its  respective  sum ;  and  Cash  Credited  with  the  whole  amount. 

The  object  of  introducing  these  last  two  entries,  and  rcpresentina;  them  as  coming  from  the  Cash-Book,  is, 
to  illustrate, as  far  as  possible,  the  importance  of  this  bootc  to  the  pupil.  This  is  one  of  the  auxiliary  books 
in  business,  and  is,  in  many  houses,  the  most  important  book  kept.  1  would  fix  upon  the  pupil's  mind  its 
importance  ;  although  in  learning  the  principles  of  the  science,  he  can  have  nothing  to  do  with  this  or  any 
of  the  auxiliary  books  to  advantage.  They  should  be  of  subsequent  consideration  ;  when  they  will  be  found 
exceedingly  simple  and  easy  of  practice. 

This  entry  represents  the  balance  of  the  Cash  you  have  on  hand  at  the  end  of 
the  month ;  which  balance  being  posted  to  the  Credit  side  of  your  Leger  account  of 
Cash,  will  of  course  close  it ;  as  the  Cash  account  on  the  Leger  and  the  Cash-Book 
must  always,  for  their  aggregate  amount  of  both  Debit  and  Credit  columns,  agree. 
The  old  account  being  closed,  the  new  account  must  be  opened  on  the  Debit  side  to 
the  balance  which  closed  the  old  account.  The  better  to  understand  the  peculiar 
manner  of  posting  this  amount,  see  your  Cash  account  on  your  Leger,  under  this 
date,  and  the  first  of  next  month. 

If  you  feel  at  a  loss  at  any  time  to  understand  clearly  the  manner  of  disposing  of  the  journalized  entries, 
trace  them  out  to  the  Leger,  and  it  may  afford  you  relief,  and  give  such  further  information  as  you  desire. 

Note  (6th  Edition). — ^A  still  greater  advantage  to  be  derived  than  any  before  considered  ty  introducing 
these  Cash  entries  and  those  of  Bank  account  is,  in  the  advantage  thereby  gained,  in  practising  upon  the  plan 
of  closing  and  opening  accounts,  which  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  business.  No  regard  has  been  paid  to 
this  important  practice  in  late  publications.  The  closing  of  a  set  of  books  by  Balance  account,  as  commonly 
illustrated  in  printed  works,  only  occurs,  in  practice,  when  you  intend  transferring  accounts  from  one  set  of 
books  to  another  set.  This  in  business,  among  most  houses,  takes  place  but  once  in  two  or  three  years. 
When  accounts  are  closed  and  continued  on  in  the  same  Leger,  they  are  generally  closed  and  opened  after 
the  form  you  find  illustrated  in  Cash  and  Bank  accounts,  except  the  word  "  Balance"  is  usea  by  some, 
instead  of  "  Old  and  New  Account." 

This  Bank  entry  is  made  for  precisely  the  same  reasons  as  given  in  the  foregoing 
explanations  of  Cash. 

Generally  about  once  a  month  it  is  customary  for  merchants  to  "  throw"  their  Bank-Book  into  bank,  where 
it  is  written  up  and  balanced,  and  this  entry  is  made  in  pursuance  thereof.  You  then  balance  your  Bank 
account  to  see  if  they  correspond.  Thus  you  have  a  constant  check  and  exposure  of  frauds  upon  your  Bank 
operations. 


¥-> 


February  1st,  1837. 

Here  you  give  a  Check  on  the  Bank  for  the  amount  of  which  it  must  be  Credit- 
ed, R.  6th.  Merchandise  must  be  Debited,  as  it  is  done  as  security  against  the  loss 
of  your  goods  by  fire,  etc.,  R.  2d. 

4  , 

See  explanation  under  the  4th  of  January, 
f  123  1 


KEY. 

— — February  6 

You  deposite  a  Note  in  Bank,  for  the  amount  of  which  it  must  be  Debited, 
R.  Ctn,  and  Bills  Receivable  must  be  Credited  with  the  same,  R.  4th. 

You  take  up  a  Draft  of  Trumble's,  which  you  accepted,  by  a  Check  on  the 
Bank;  the  Bank  must  be  Credited  with  the  amount  of  the  Check,  R.  6th,  and 
Bills  Payable  Debited  with  the  face  of  the  Draft,  R.  5th,  as  when  you  accepted 
it,  it  became  Bills  Payable.  The  account  of  Interest,  etc.  must  be  Debited  with 
the  $1,50  put  upon  you  for  the  neglect  of  not  attending  to  it  in  due  time. 
This  §1,50  is  about  the  fee  usually  allowed  notaries  for  protesting;  the  amount 
varies  a  little  in  different  countries. 


8 


Here  you  sell  $2,486  worth  of  Merchandise,  which  of  course  must  be  Credit- 
ed, R.  2d.  And  that  which  you  receive  in  payment  must  be  Debited.  For 
the  Note  $2,000  Debit  Bills  Payable,  R.  5th,  and  Debit  Cash  for  the  balance, 
$486.  R.  3d. 


Here  you  give  your  Note,  Credit  Bills  Payable,  R.  5th.  And  this  is  done 
on  account  of  your  House  on  Canal  st.;  consequently  said  House  has  incurred 
the  expense,  therefore  Debit  it  with  the  $200,  R.  Uth. 


13 


See  explanation  under  the  4th  of  January. 
15 


Here  you  receive  a  Bond.     Bills  Receivable  must  be  Debited,  R.  4th.     You 
dispose  of  Cash,  which  must  be  Credited,  R.  3d. 

Be  careful,  in  entries  like  this,  not  to  confuse  your  mind  with  the  conditions  stated,  and  the  thing  given 
and  received.  In  all  cases  when  you  meet  with  the  tiling  given  or  received,  fix  the  account  in  your  mind 
that  is  to  be  Debited  or  Credited,  then  weigh  the  circumstances  of  the  entiy,  and  thus  improve  your  know 
ledge  or  capacity  for  such  a  transaction  whenever  it  may  be  performed  to  an  advantage. 


17 


Here  yo«  become  indebted  to  Holbrook,  and  he  must  be  Credited,  R.  9th. 
The  wood  you  purchase  for  the  use  of  your  store,  consequently  Expense,  must 
*)e  Debited,  R.  8th. 


You  purchase  a  Set  of  Exchange  and  remit  the  same  to  R.  Trumble  as  so 
much  payment  on  his  account.  He  must  be  Debited  with  the  amount,  R.  9th. 
Interest,  etc.  must  be  Debited  with  the  per  cent,  paid  for  said  Bill,  R.  7th. 
Bank  must  be  Credited  with  the  whole  amount  of  money  drawn,  R.  6th. 

In  this  transaction  the  question  might  arise,  why  not  Debit  Trumble  with  the  amount  of  premium  as  well 
as  the  face  of  the  Bill?  It  is  clearly  this;  if  you  owe  a  man  and  he  resides  in  a  foreign  country,  and  you 
wish  to  make  a  remittance  to  him  for  any  balance  due  on  trade,  it  is  understood  that  you  will  send  him 
specie  or  that  which  is  an  equivalent,  witliout  putting  him  to  any  loss;  consequently,  you  being  the  one  to 
make  the  remittance,  if  you  can  obtain  a  Bill  at  a  less  cost  than  specie,  you  will  give  it  preference,  and  tho 
individual,  expecting  remittances,  would  likewise  give  it  a  preference,  as  there  are  the  dangers  of  the  sea  to 

[124] 


KEY. 

be  incurred  in  sending  specie;  whereas  in  sending  a  Bill,  in  case  accidents  happen,  it  can  at  the  worst  only 
delay  his  payment;  while  on  the  other  hand  he  may  meet  with  an  entire  loss. 


-Februai 


rv. 


You  take  up  Marble's  Note  by  a  Check.  The  Bank  must  be  credited  with 
the  am't  of  money  drawn  out,  R.  6th.  Not  believing  that  you  will  ultimately 
lose  the  money  paid,  you  will  Debit  Marble  in  account  with  the  am't,R.  9th. 


20 


See  explanntion  under  the  4th  of  January. 

Ride  pays  you  sundries  on  account.  He  must  be  Credited  with  the  sum 
total  paid,  R.  9th.  You  receive  a  Note.  Bills  Receivable  must  be  Debited 
with  its  am't,  R.  4th;  also  Cash,  which  must  be  Debited,  R.  3d. 


21 


Merchandise  must  be  Debited  with  the  ,$8,900  worth  of  goods  you  purchase, 
R.  2d.  Bills  Payable  must  be  Credited  with  the  ,$5,000,  the  am't  of  your  Note, 
R.  5th,  and  Merchants'  Bank  Credited  for  the  money  withdrawn,  R.  6th. 


^2  — 


It  would  appear  from  this  entry,  that  you  had  remitted  to  Robert  Trumble  a 
Bond  for  collection.  He  having  performed  .the  act  of  trust,  and  now  holding 
the  money  in  his  possession,  subject  to  your  order,  informs  you  of  the  fact. 
You  will  Debit  him  with  the  full  amount,  R.  9th.  Bills  receivable  must  be 
Credited  with  the  $1,000,  R.  4th,  the  Bond  being  now  exonerated;  and  Inter 
est,  etc.  Credited  wiih  the  am't.  of  gain,  R.  7th. 


23 


Here  you  sell  Mdse.  with  the  understanding  that  you  are  to  take  off  4  per 
cent,  for  cash;  your  goods  are  prized  accordingly,  and  Cash  is  what  you  re- 
ceive, without  loss  to  the  account  of  Merchandise  for  the  value  of  the  goods 
disposed  of.  Debit  Cash,  R.  3d,  and  Credit  Merchandise  with  the  like  amount, 
R.  2d. 


Here  you  dispose  of  Merchandise  for  a  Note.  The  amount  of  the  Note  is  the 
value  of  the  goods  sold;  but  discovering,  when  too  late,  that  you  had  taken  bad 
paper,  you  concluded  to  sell  it  at  a  loss  of  10  per  cent.  Not  having  disposed  of 
your  original  entry  on  your  Journal,  you  readily  annex  the  circumstance  of  the 
disposal  of  the  Note,  and  make  the  balance  for  the  Credit  of  Merchandise  (R.  2d.) 
appear  in  the  accounts  of  Cash  (R.  3d.)  and  Interest  etc.  (R.  7th),  as  it  is  Jour 
nalized  agreeable  to  these  rules. 

There  is  a  nice  distinction  between  this  entry  and  the  one  preceding,  and  it  is  the  circumstances  attending 
upon  the  operation,  which  guides  the  Accountani  in  giving  the  proper  Leger  titles,  in  conformity  to  said  cir 
cumstances  or  understanding. 


[125  1 


KEY. 


-February  24- 


James  R.  Marston,  having  failed  to  pay  his  Note,  must  be  Debited  in  account, 
R.  6th  and  9th.,  and  the  Bank  must  be  Credited  with  the  like  amount,  R.  Gth. 


You  receive  of  Marston  ,$70  on  acconnt,  give  him  Credit,  R.  9th.  Debit 
Cash  with  .s55,  the  amount  of  money  received,  R.  3d,  and  Merchandise  with 
$15,  the  value  of  the  shirting,  R.  2d. 


25 


You  receive  an  Acceptance,  l^ills  Receivable  must  be  Debited  with  the  same, 
R.  4th.'    It  is  on  account  of  Marble,  give  him  Credit,  R.  9th. 


See  explanation  and  entry  under  date  of  January  16th,  1837. 

See  explanation  under  January  4th,  1837. 

■ 27  ■ 

• 

It  appears  from  this  transaction  that  you  purchase  Merchandise  to  the 
amount  of  ,$900,  which  of  course  must  be  Debited,  R.  2d.  In  paying  for  this 
Mdse.  you  dispose  of  a  Note;  Bills  Receivable  must  be  Credited  with  its  face, 
$1,000,  R.  4th.,  and  in  disposing  of  this  Note,  you  dispose  of  the  Interest  on  the 
Note  up  to  this  date,  consequently  give  this  account  Credit  with  its  $35,  R.  7th. 
Now  you  perceive  that  you  have  overpaid  for  this  Mdse.  by  $135,  which  Kimn 
settles  by  paying  Cash;  the  account  of  Cash  must  Debited  with  the  same,  R.  3d. 

You  see  that  there  is  in  thisentiy  four  accounts  of  the  Leger  effected ;  two  accounts  to  be  Debited,  and  two 
to  be  Ciedited,  and  that  on  the  Journal  it  is  thus  expressed,  "  Sundries  Dr.  to  Sundries."  There  are  many 
accountants  who  object  to  this  expression,  when  the  Journal  is  kept  after  this  form,  and  with  some  plausibili- 
ty. They  may,  I  believe,  be  confuted  with  reason,  and  the  above  is  a  case  in  point.  There  is  a  way  of 
Journalizing  this  entry,  and  others  of  a  similar  nature,  without  using  the  expression  of  Sundries  to  Sundries: 
as  thus. 

Merchandise  Dr. 

To  Bills  Receivable •••••' $900 

Cash  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Bills  Receivable • -.- $100 

Interest 35 ••  135 

Now  you  perceive  from  this  form  of  Journalizing,  that  it  requires  one  more  posting  to  the  Leger,  than  the 
other  form,  which  renders  it  objectionable;  not  more  from  the  fact  of  your  having  divided  an  amount,  than 
your  having  given  yourself  more  writing,  in  geting  the  amounts  of  the  Day-Book  to  the  Leger,  than  was  ne-- 
csssary.  To  conclude,  1  would  recommend  in  all  cases,  when  by  using  the  expression  "  Sundries  to  Sun 
dries,"  you  may  avoid  dividing  any  one  of  the  amounts  of  an  entry,  to  make  use  of  it,  but  under  no  other  cir 
cumstaaces,  is  it  admissible. 


See  the  second  explanation  under  January  10th. 
[  126] 


KEY. 

February  28 ■ 

Merchandise  must  be  Credited  for  the  whole  amount  of  goods  sold,  R.  2d.' 
That  which  you  receive  in  payment  must  be  Debited.  Debit  Bills  Payable  with 
the  amount  of  your  Bonds,  R.  5th.  Debit  Bills  Receivable  for  the  amount  of, 
their  Note,  R.  4th,  and  Merchants'  Bank  for  the  amount  of  money  you  received 
and  deposited,  R.  6th.  ; 

You  perceive  something  peculiar  about  this  entiy.  You  receive  in  part  payment  for  these  goods  your 
bonds  on  them  for  the  duties.  This  Merchandise  is  sold  a"?  subject  to  Debenture.  You  see  by  this  that  the 
individuals  who  take  the  Merchandise  which  is  subject  to  Debenture  Jrom  the  country,  save  to  themselves  the 
amount  of  Custom  House  duties.  This  privilege  of  Government  is  granted  that  we,  as  a  people,  may  enjoy 
what  is  called  the  "Carrying  Trade."  For  if  the  traders  in  our  neighboring  nations  can  purchase  articles  of 
foreign  manufacture  as  cheap  from  us  as  they  can  wiicre  these  articles  are  produced,  by  the  difference  only 
of  the  transportation  and  a  slight  commissirtn,  they,  not  wanting  large  supplies  of  said  articles,  will  be  more 
likely  to  cnme  here  to  trade,  than  to  go  a  greater  disiance  from  home.  The  advantage  to  be  derived  in  thus 
securing  a  part  of  their  trade,  is,  that  we  are  likely  to  engross  the  whole.  This  is  the  present  relation 
which  the  Merchants  of  the  United  States  now  bear  towards  the  Merchants  in  Mexico,  South  America,  and 
the  traders  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

For  the  explanation  of  the  four  last  entries  of  this  month,  see  the  explana- 
tions of  the  lour  last  entries  of  the  month  of  January. 


March  1st.,  1837. 

This  United  States'  Bank  Stock  conditionally  becomes  yours,  there'')re  it 
must  be  Debited  with  what  it  has  cost  to  bring  about  this  condition,  R.  1 1th. 
Merchants'  Bank  must  be  Credited  with  the  amount  of  money  withdrawn,  R. 
6th. 


Merchants'  Bank  must  be  debited  for  the  ,$2,055,35  deposited,  and  Bills  Re- 
ceivable Credited  with  $2,035,  this  Bill  being  disposed  of,  R.  4th,  and  Interest, 
etc.  Credited  with  the  Premium,  R.  7th. 

You  purchase  a  piece  of  Real  Estate,  known  by  the  name  of  "  Simmons' 
Plantation,"  which  must  be  debited  with  the  full  cost  ($'10,000,)R.  llth.^  You 
pav  for  the  plantation  bv  turning  out  Merchandise  to  the  amount  of  S'2,000, 
which  must  be  Creditedlj  R.  2d.  Bills  Receivable  must  be  Credited  with  the 
amount  of  Bouhnnan's  Note,  R.  4th.  Cash  must  be  Credited  for  $2,200,  R 
3d,  and  Merchants'  Bank  Credited  for  $2,800,  R.  6th. 


In  this  entry  you  perceive  that  House  No.  35,  Canal  street,  must  be  Credited 
with  the  $G,000,  R.  11th.  You  liquidate  your  Note  of  $200,  for  which  Bills 
Payable  must  be  Debited,  R.  5th.  Y'ou  put  money  into  Bank  which  must  b«» 
Debited,  R.  6th. 


This  present  to  the  University  of  Vermont  is  an  entire  loss,  for  which  am  i. 
^  "       [  127  ] 


KEY 

Profit  and  Loss  must  be  Debited,  R.  10th.     Stedman  must  be  Credited  for  the 
value  of  tJie  books  bouglit  on  account,  R.  9th. 

March  9. 


You  sell  your  i-efusal  of  200  shares  of  U.  S.  Bank  Stock,  which  must  be  Cred- 
ited, R.  11th.  and  the  account  of  Cash  must  be  Debited  with  the  amount  of  money 
received,  R.  Sd. 


Debit  U.  S.  Bank  Stock  for  the  amount  of  its  gain,  R.  11th.  and  give  Profit 
and  Loss  Credit  for  the  same  amount,  R.  10th. 


Cash  must  be  Debited  with  the   amount  of  money  found,  R.  3d.  and  it  being 
a  gain.  Profit  and  Loss  must  be  Credited  R.  10th. 


Simmons'  Plantation  must  be  Credited  with  the  -94,000,  R.  11th.  You  take 
up  one  of  your  notes  by  this  operation;  Debit  Bills  Payable  with  its  amount,  R. 
5th.  Debit  Interest  etc.  with  the  per  cent,  allowed  on  your  note,  R.  7th.  and 
for  the  money  you  receive  and  deposit,  Bank  must  be  Debited  R.  6th. 


10 


You  have  conditionally  purchased  the  Steamer  Hope,  and  make  a  part  pay- 
ment of  $500  on  said  purchase,  you  will  Debit  said  Steamer  to  this  sum,  R.  11th. 
and  give  Cash  Credit  for  the  money  paid  out,  R.  3d. 


11 


This  being  Edward  Clinton's  property,  he  must  be  Credited  for  the  whole 
amount,  R.  12th.  House  No.  110,  Camp  street,  must  be  Debited  with  its  value 
$15,500,  R.  12th.  Planters'  Bank  Stock  Debited  with  .$11,500;  and  Merchants' 
Bank  Debited  with  the  amount  of  money  deoosited,  R.  6th. 


13 


Here  yon  receive  $1,000,  for  which  sum  Cash  must  be  Debited,  R.  3d.  One 
half  of  this  money,  $500,  is  refunded  on  account  of  Steamer  Hope,  which  must 
be  Credited,  R.  11th.  The  remainder  $500,  is  a  gain,  which  you  will  put  to 
Profit  and  Loss,  R.  10th. 


Here  you  deposit  money  in  Bank;  Debit  the  same  with  it,  R.  6th.  This  money 
is  received  in  liquidation  of  a  Note,  Credit  Bills  Receivable  with  the  amount, 
R.  4th. 


[128] 


KEY. 

March  15 

Credit  Cash  with  the  $'800  paid  out,  R.  3d.     Debit  Steamer  Sun  with  the 
same,  as  it  is  on  account  of  the  purchase  of  this  Stock,  R.  11th. 


IG 


Here  you  receive  a  Note;  Debit  Bills  Receivable,  R.  4th.     It  being  on  account 
of  Edward  Clinton,  he  must  be  Credited  with  the  same  amount,  R.  9th. 


You  now  pay  for  the  balance  due  on  Sleamer  Sun:  Debit  it  with  the  same, 
R.  11th.  In  this  payment,  Hostetter  takes  up  his  own  Note,  for  which  Credit 
Bills  Receivable,  R.  4th.  Credit  Interest  etc.  for  $74,  R.  7th.  Credit  Bills  Pay- 
able for  the  amount  of  your  Note,  R.  5th.  and  Merchants'  Bank  for  the  amount 
of  the  Check,  R.  6th. 


20 


You  here  give  your  Note;  for  which  amount  Credit  Bills  Payable,  R.  5th.     It 
being  done  on  account  of  Edward  Clinton,  he  should  be  Debited,  R.  9th. 


27 


Here  is  an  estate  which  is  presented  to  you,  and  becomes  a  part  of  your  pro- 
perty. Your  account  of  Stock  must  be  Credited  with  the  whole  amount,  R.  1st. 
The  amount  of  Notes  you  receive  must  be  Debited  to  Bills  Receivable,  R.  4th 
The  lands  Debited  to  the  title  of  "Texas  Lands,"  R.  11th.  and  Merchants'  Bank 
Debited  with  the  money  you  deposit,  R.  6th. 

Many  accountants  would  put  this  entry  to  the  Credit  of  Profit  and  Loss.  If  the  sum  was  quite  small,  say 
a  few  hundred  Dollars,  as  it  would  make  no  material  difference,  it  might  do  to  dispose  of  it  to  this  account 
But  as  it  numbers  several  thousands,  it  most  unquestionably  should  be  disposed  of  to  the  account  of  Stock.  It  is 
an  estate  added  to  youv  estate,  and  does  not,  from  any  exertion  of  your  own,  form  a  part  of  your  property.  It  is  an 
estate  coming  to  you  by  accident,  not  from  any  trade  or  speculation  of  yours ;  therefore  it  should  not,  (it  being  a 
material  amount)  be  put  to  Profit  and  Loss,  for  the  account  of  Profit  and  Loss  is  intended  to  show  what  you 
make  in  business,  by  trading,  etc. 


House  on  Canal  street  must  be  Debited  with  the  amount  it  cost  to  rebuild  it> 
R.  11th.  Bills  Payable  must  be  Credited  with  your  Note  passed  off',  R.  5th.  and 
Bank  Credited  with  the  money  withdrawn,  R.  6th. 


-  28 


As  you  do  not  deem  the  amount  of  this  Bill  of  Marble's  a  loss,  you  will  Debit 
him  in  account  with  its  present  value  to  Anderson,  R.  9th.  Its  present  value  to 
Anderson  includes  the  damages.  This  is  wholly  a  transaction  in  its  origin  for  the 
benefit  of  Marble;  consequently  he  should  as  well  be  debited  with  the  damages 
as  the  face  of  the  Bill.  To  understand  this  entry  more  clearly,  trace  out  its  ori- 
gin. See  February  17th,  and  25th,  and  March  2d.  Bank  must  be  Credited  with 
the  amount  of  money  withdrawn,  R.  6th. 

o  [  129  ] 


KEY. 

•  •  April  

In  this  fciilr)'  you  receive  Bonds  to  the  amount  of  $  10,000,  for  which  Bills  Re- 
ceivable must  be  Debited,  R.  4th.  Now  the  question  arises,  what  account  shall 
be  Credited  by  this  amount  ?  It  would  most  generally  seem  at  first  to  be  the  account 
of  Stock  which  should  be  Credited.  But  this  account  will  not  answer,  because 
these  bonds  are  not  drawn  in  your  favor,  but  in  that  qf  your  heirs.  They  are  not  to 
benefit  you,  but  those  that  are  to  come  after  you ;  besides,  you  only  hold  them  in 
trust.  It,  then,  for  its  Credit,  should  be  disposed  of  according  to  Rule  12th.  Now 
for  the  title  of  the  account ;  I  have  called  it  "  Expectancies ;"  and  for  this  reason  : 
You  expect  to  die,  and  you  expect  when  you  die  that  your  heirs  will  expect  to  receive 
some  benefit.  The  title  of  this  account  will  be  somewhat  novel,  and  may  pro- 
voke a  smile.  It  will  do  to  puff  a  segar  over,  and  conclude,  at  least,  that  if  we 
cannot  be  of  benefit  to  our  friends  by  living,  we  can,  without  much  trouble  or  ex- 
pense, serve  them  in  dying. 

Profit  and  Loss  must  be  Debited  with  $850,  R.  10th,  and  Cash  Credited  with  the 
same  amount,  R.  3d. 

Note. — It  has  been  said  by  some  few  who  are  but  partially  acquainted  with  the  science  of  accounts  that 
U  was  not  correct  to  make  this  ejitry,  at  least  that  part  which  relates  to  the  $10,000  bonds.  The 
legitimate  object  of  Book-Keeping  is  to  represent  the  precise  state  of  a  man's  pecuniary  affairs,  his  property, 
or  convertible  means.  An  insurance  of  lile  is  i'requently  convertible  means.  Money  is  often  raised  on  such 
insurances,  while  the  person  whose  life  is  insured  remains  alive. 

One  of  the  most  important  objects  in  keeping  a  set  of  books  is,  that  a  man's  heirs  may  have  a  full  and 
nnquestionable  reference  as  to  the  effects  left.  And  if  a  set  of  bodes  is  kept,  the  heirs,  ff  in  youth  at  the 
decease  of  their  benefactor,  seldom  or  never,  on  coming  to  maturity,  inquire  after  loose  papers  for  documents 
of  value.  Again,  if  a  man's  affairs  are  but  half  set  forth,  notes,  bonds,  and  the  like,  may  be  embezzled,  and 
the  lawful  heirs  defrauded  ;  and  the  very  books  themselves  may  be  brought  as  evidence  to  screen  the  persons 
committing  the  defalcation. 

Entries  of  this  description,  or  that  part  which  relates  to  the  bonds,  in  no  way  affect  the  other  parts  of  the 
books.     It  is  but  a  memorandum  made  in  scientific  form.    The  net  profits  of  your  business  remain  the  same. 

It  is  one  of  those  entries  out  of  which  no  evil  can  come,  although  much  good  may  result. 

There  are  many  other  peculiarities  in  this  work  ;  an  illustration  of  the  science  in  much  higher  branches 
than  before  published.  And  because  the  author  had  not  precedents  to  go  by,  his  illustration  of  an  intrusted 
real  estate  (see  fol.  3S)  has  even  been  questioned.  Were  we  not  as  averse  to  long  arguments  in  sustaining 
self-evident  truths  and  unquestionable  rules,  as  to  a  half-kept  set  of  books,  we  would  extend  this  note  to  a 
volume. 

For  the  last  four  entries  of  this  month  see  the  explanations  of  the  last  four  entries 
of  the  month  of  January. 

April  1st,  1837. 

You  will  find  in  this,  and  the  month  of  May,  an  entire  different  class  of  entries  from  those  yon  have  had 
Constant  reference  is  here  given  to  a  Commission-Sales-Book  (C.  S.  B.)  and  Sales-Book  (S.  B.),  where  the 

foods  sold  and  here  referred  to,  may  be  found  in  detail :  see  Forms  for  keeping  a  Sales-Book  and  Commission- 
ales-Book.  In  Commission,  and  many  branches  of  heavy  business,  the  Sales-Book  is  used  ;  and  in  which 
case,  if  you  do  not  post  direct  from  this  book,  your  Day-Book  entries  will  be  the  same  as  you  find  illustra 
ted  in  this  month. 

You  take  up  a  Draft  of  Trumble's  which  is  drawn  on  you  at  sight.  He  must 
be  Debited  with  its  amount,  R.  9th,  and  Bank  must  receive  a  credit  for  the  amount 
of  money  drawn  out,  R.  6th. 

3  

Bank  account  must  be  Debited  with  the  amount  of  these  Notes  deposited,  R.  6th, 
and  Bills  Receivable  Credited,  R.  4th. 

5  

Patent  Arms  Co.'s  Sales  must  be  Debited  with  the  $390,  this  being  an  expense 
on  the  goods  consigned,  R.  13th,  and  Patent  Arms  Co.  must  be  Debited  with  the 

[  130] 


KEY. 

amount  of  their  Draft,  ($2,000,)  which  you  take  up,  R.  9ih.     Bank  account  muse 
be  Credited  with  both  amounts  as  they  are  paid  by  Checks,  R.  6th. 

The  reason  of  your  keeping  a  sales  account  apart  from  the  personal  account,  is,  brcause  in  rirawintj  off  an 
account  of  sales,  you  are  thereby  relieved  from  trouble  and  perplexity.  For  should  you  put  the  Debits  and 
Credits  of  this  rej)resentative  account  to  the  personal  account  of  the  consigner,  you  would  find  that  the 
amounts  of  the  Lvger,  when  traced  back  to  the  original  entry,  would  have  in  many  cases  no  connexion  with 
the  sale  and  expense  of  said  goods :  and  in  making  out  an  account  of  sales,  you  but  give  in  detail  the  sales 
and  expenses  attendant  on  the  consignment.  And,  consequently,  as  it  becomes  necessary  in  doing  business 
to  make  out  an  account  of  sales,  the  manner  of  keeping  your  account  therewith  connected,  should  be  so 
Arranged  as  to  save  in  the  end  the  least  possible  trouble. 


April  7 


Gaines  &  Hardon's  Sales  must  be  Debited  with  the  $6.50,  as  so  much  expense 
on  receiving  the  goods,  R.  13th.  Cash  must  be  Credited  with  the  same  amount,  R. 
3d.  Gaines  &  Hardon  must  be  Debited  with  $200,  R.  9th,  and  Bank  Credited  with 
the  like  sum,  R.  6th. 


Porter  must  be  Debited  with  the  whole  amount  of  goods  purchased,  R.  9th. 
Patent  Arms  Co.'s  and  Gaines  &  Hardon's  Sales  must  each  be  Credited  with  their 
respective  amountSj  R.  13th. 

10 

Biljs  Receivable  must  be  Debited  with  the  Note  you  receive,  R.  4th,  and  Patent 
Arms  Co.'s  Sales  must  be  Credited  with  the  amount  of  goods  sold,  R.  13th 
11 

Cash  must  be  Debited  with  the  whole  amount  of  money  received,  R.  3d.  Pat- 
ent Arms  Co.'s  Sales  must  be  Credited  with  $300,  the  amount  of  their  goods  sold, 
R.  13th,  and  Gaines  &  Hardon's  Sales  must  likewise  be  Credited  with  $110,  ac- 
cording to  the  last-mentioned  rule. 

The  expression  "  From  Store,"  or  "  Goods  from  Store,"  or  "Merchandise  from  Store,"  always  has  refer 
ence  to  your  Merchandise  account,  which  of  course  must  be  Credited  with  the  amount  of  all  the  goods  you 
keep  to  sell  of  your  own  on  a  regular  account. 

12 

The  whole  of  this  sum,  $1,661.50,  is  an  expense  on  Trumble's  goods;  his  sales 
must  therefore  be  Debited  with  the  same,  R.  13.  Bills  Payable  must  be  Credited 
with  $1,440,  the  amount  of  your  Bond,  R.  5th,  and  Bank  for  the  money  drawn, 
R.  6tL 


14 


Bills  Payable  must  be  Debited  with  the  $1,000  which  you  now  pay,  R.  5th,  and 
Bank  Credited  with  the  money  drawn,  R.  6th. 

. .  15 

It  would  appear  from  this  transaction,  that  you  had  consulted  Gaines  & 
Hardon,  to  see  if  they  would  take  Shinder's  Note  for  their  goods;  they  con- 
senting, take  the  Note,  consequently,  havmg  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  their 
goods,  they  in  account  personal  must  be  Debited,  Rule  9th,  and  their  account  of 
Sales  must  be  Credited  with  the  like  amount.  Rule  13th.  Their  goods  being  all 
disposed  of,  you  now  proceed  to  close  their  account  Sales ;  and  to  ascertain 
your  commission,  you  introduce  the  whole  amount  ($2,240.50)  for  what  their 
goods  have  been  sold.  Your  commission  is  $112.02,  your  account  by  this  title 
must  be  Credited  with  the  same,  Rule   16th.     You  see  the  expression,  "  Charges 

[  131  ] 


KEY. 

jsted  $6.50;"  this  is  merely  introduced  here  to  show  how  you  ascertain  the 
balance  of  the  account,  (,'§'2,"l21.98,)  to  be  closed  to  their  Credit.  This  sum. 
$6.50,  and  your  Commission  ^112.02,  is  the  whole  amount  of  charges  to  the 
account;  and  which  together  being  deducted  from  the  whole  amount  of  sales, 
(|2,240.50,)  leaves  the  balance  of  their  sales  account  (2,121.98,)  which  must  be 
closed  to  their  personal  account,  R.  13th. 

■  April. 

James  Bennet  appearing  to  be  the  owner  of  this  money  which  you  found, 
must  be  paid.  Profit  and  Loss  had  a  Credit  for  this  sum  when  found,  it  must 
now  be  Debited,  R.  10th,  and  Cash  Credited  with  the  money  paid  out,  R.  3d. 

According  to  R.  13th,  Pell's  Sales  must  be  Debited  with  the  whole  expenses, 
^^,2,405,63)  attendant  upon  receiving  the  goods.  Bills  Payable  must  be  Credited 
with  $1,440,  Bonds  at  the  Custom  House,  R.  5th.  Bank  must  be  Credited  with 
$950.25  money  withdrawn,  R.  6th,  and  Cash  with  $15.38,  money  paid  out,R.  3d. 

17 

It  appears  from  this  trahsaction,  that  you  gave  a  Check  on  the  Bank  with 
which  you  do  business,  to  liquidate  a  Note  of  yours  held  by  the  Orleans  Bank. 
Your  Bank  account  must  be  Credited  with  the  amount  of  money  withdrawn, 
R.  6th,  Bills  Payable  Debited  with  the  $8,000  the  face  of  the  Note,  R.  5th,  and 
Interest,  etc.  Debited  with  ($140)  the  sum  allowed  on  said  Note,  R.  7th. 

18  . . 

'  Bank  account  has  got  the  proceeds  ($11,891.99)  of  Pell's  Sales,  and  must  be 
Debited  for  the  same,  R.  6th,  and  Pell's  Sales  must  be  Credited,  R.  13th. 
Pell's  Sales  must  be  Debited  with  $606.59,  as  an  expense  attendant  on  selling 
the  goods,  R.  13th.  Cash  must  be  Credited  with  $186.88,  for  this  sum  ex- 
pended, R.  3d,  Commission  Credited  with  $416.21,  your  per  cent,  on  the  sales, 
R.  16th,  and  Credit  Expense  with  the  trifle  of  $3.50,  which  is  the  cost  of  ad 
^'ertising,  R.  8th. 

19  — 

Pell's  Sales  must  be  Debited  with  $8,879.77,  agreeable  to  the  last  part  of  R. 
13th.  Cash  must  be  Credited  with  $488.38  money  paid  out,  R.  3d,  and  Bank 
must  be  Credited  with  $8,391.39,  money  drawn,  R.  6th. 

20  ^ 

Debit  Bank  with  $3,700  money  deposited,  R.  6th.  Credit  Patent  Arms  Co.'s 
Sales  with  $lj200,  and  Trumble's  do.  with  2,500,  R.  13th. 


21 


It  would  appear  from  this  transaction,  that  Johnson  held  a  Draft  on  Corwin 
&  Stamper,  for  $5,000,  which  they  refuse  to  exonerate.  You  knowing  of 
the  circumstances,  say  to  said  Johnson,  Now  if  you  will  take  such  and  such 
Merchandise,  I  will  take  up  the  Draft.  He  complying,  Trumble  must  be 
Debited  with  $5,000,  the  amount  of  the  Draft,  R.  9th.  Trumble's  Sales  must 
be  Credited  with  .<f!>3,333.33,  as  so  much  of  his  goods  sold,  R.  13th,  Merchan- 
dise Credited  with  .«!l, 110.50,  R.  2d.  and  Bank  Credited  with  $556.17,  money- 
withdrawn;  and  which  makes  out  the  whole  of  the  Draft  $5,000. 

[132] 


KEY. 

April  22 

Patent  Arms  Go's  Sales  must  be  Debited  with  $430,  R.  13th.  Cash  must  be 
Credited  with  the  same  ainount,  K.  3d.  Patent  Arms  Co.  must  be  Debited 
with  $2,808.50,  R.  9th.  Bank  must  be  Credited  with  |;2,801.50,  money- 
drawn,  R.  6th,  and  Credit  Interest,  etc.  with  $7.00,  your  Brokerage,  R.  7tn. 


20 


Debit  Bank  with  $2,010.50,  money  deposited,  R.  6th,  and  Credit  Trumble's 
Sales  with  the  same  amount,  goods  sold,  R.  13th.  Credit  Commission  with 
$392.19,  R.  16th.  Credit  Trumble  with  $5,790.14,  R.  13th,  and.  Debit  the 
Sales  with  the  whole  amount,  $6,182.33,  R.  13th. 

The  better  to  uaderstand  this  entry,  it  may  be  well  to  read  the  explanation  under  the  15th  of  this  month, 
where  an  illustration  of  closing  an  account  sales  is  more  fully  explained. 


28 


Debit  Cash  with  $2,000,  money  received,  R.  3d.     Credit  Patent  Arms  Co's 
Sales  with  1,500,  R.  13,  and  Merchandise  with  $500,  R.  2d. 


29 


Patent  Arms  Co.  must  be  Debited  with  $3,000,  R.  9th.  Cash  must  be  Credited 
with  $1,000,  money  paid  out,  R.  3d,  and  Merchants'  Bank  with  $2000,  money- 
withdrawn,  R.  6th. 


For  the  explanation  of  the  four  last  entries  of  this  month,  see  the  explana^- 
nation  of  the  four  last  entries  of  the  month  of  January,  each  in  order. 


Mat  1st. 

Shipment  to  Lisbon  must  be  Debited  with  the  whole  amount,  $3,144.50,  R. 
14th.  Credit  Merchandise  with  $3,000,  R.  2d,  and  Credit  Cash  with  $114.50, 
R.  3d. 


Debit  Cash  with  the  whole  amount  (1,010,)  of  money  received,  R.  3d., 
Credit  Trumble  with  the  amount  of  the  Draft,  ($1,000,)  R.  9th;  and  Credit  In- 
terest, etc.  with  the  gain,  R.  7th. 


Debit  Shipment  to  Lisbon  with  the  whole  amount  ($19,213.81)  of  goods  sent, 
R.  14th. 

Credit  Merchants'  Bank  with  $15,000,  the  amount  of  money  withdrawn,  R. 
6th.  Credit  Bills  Receivable  with  $2,700,  the  amount  of  Shafer's  Note,  R. 
4th.  Credit  Merchandise  with  $1,2()3.50,  goods  from  Store,  R.  2d,  and  Cash 
Credited  for  shipping  expenses,  R.  3d. 

[133] 


KEY. 

■May  6- 


You  see  in  this  transaction,  that  you  receive  a  Note  amounting  to  $5,000,  for 
which  Bills  Receivable  must  be  Debited,  R.  4th.  Debit  Bank  with  the  amount, 
(^5,075)  money  you  receive  and  deposite,  R.  6th.  The  Credits  are  Robert 
Tru'rnble  -S' 10,000,  for  the  amount  of  the  Drafts,  R.  9th,  and  Interest,  etc.  with 
$75,  for  the  amount  of  premium,  R.  7th. 


8 


Debit  Robert  Trumble  with  the  whole  cost  ($999,10)  of  this  shipment,  as  these 
goods  are  disposed  of  on  his  account,  R.  9th.  Credit  Merchandise  with  $900, 
R.  2d.  Credit  Bank  for  the  amount  ($70)  of  money  withdrawn,  R.  6th,  and 
give  Commission  Credit  with  your  per  cent.  ^29.10,  R.  16th. 


10 


Debit  Bank  with  the  money  deposited,  R.  6th,  and  give   Bills  Receivable 
Credit  with  $750,  the  amount  of  the  Note,  R.  4th. 

Debit  Trumble  with  the  net  amount  that  these  goods  sold  for  at  Lisbon,  R. 
14th,  and  give  Shipment  to  Lisbon  Credit  for  the  same  amount,  R.  14th; 


Debit  Trumble  with  the  amount  of  his  Draft  which  you  take  up,  R.  9th,  and 
give  Bank  Credit  for  the  money  drawn,  R.  6th. 


11 


See  the  2d  explanation  under  the  10th  of  this  month., 


Debit  Shipment  to  Lisbon  with  this  gain,  R.  14th,  and  Credit  Profit  and  Loss 
■with  the  same  amount,  R.  10th. 

Debit  Merchants'  Bank  for  $19,603.89,  money  deposited,  R.  6th.  Credit 
Robert  Trumble  with  $19,555.01,  the  amount  of  the  Draft,  R.  9th,  and  give  In- 
terest etc.  Credit  for  the  premium,  $48.88,  R.  7th. 


12 


Debit  Shipment  to  Buenos  Ayres,  Co.  A.  with  $2,660,  R.  14th,  and  give  Hd- 
brook  Credit  for  the  same  amount,  R.  9th. 


13 


Each  partner  must  here  be  Debited  with  his  share,  R."  14th.  John  Russ  with 
$2,006.95,  William  Ellery  with  $2,006.95,  and  Shipment  to  Caraccas,  Co.  D., 
(which  is  your  representative  account,)  with .  $2,006.95.  Credit  Bank  with 
($3,500,)  the  amount  of  money  drawn,  R.  6th.  Credit  Bills  Payable  with 
$1,572  the  amount  of  your  Note.     Credit  Wm.  Ellery  with  $850,  the  amount 

[  134  ] 


KEY. 

he  puts  in,  R.  14th,  and  also  Credit  Cash  with  $98.85,  for  this  sum  paid  out, 
R.  3d. 

You  perceive  in  this  entiy,  tiiat  Ellery  is  Debiterl  and  Credited.  As  he  is  a  partner,  he  must  be  Debited 
with  his  third;  and  being  Debited  with  his  portion,  he  should  be  Credited  with  what  he  puts  in.  You,  your- 
self, are  Debited  with  only  your  third,  and  have  a  balance  in  the  account  of  Russ  &,  Ellery  for  the  expenses 
that  you  are  at,  above  your  one-third  of  the  shipment. 


■May  17. 


In  this  entry,  John  Holbrook  must  be  Debited  with  ,$2,CG0,  which  includes 
your  half  of  the  net  sales  and  loss  on  Shipment  to  Buenos  Ayres,  R.  9th. 
Shipment  to  Buenos  Ayree  must  be  Credited  with  your  half  of  the  net  sales,  R. 
14th,  and  Merchants'  Bank  must  be  Credited  with  the  amount  of  Check  which 
pays  the  loss,  R.  6th. 


Shipment  to  Buenos  Ayres  must  be  Credited  with  its  loss,  R.  14th,  and  Pro- 
fit and  Loss  must  be  Debited  with  the  same,  R.  10th. 


19 


Debit  Bank  with  the  $2,550  deposited,  R.  6th.  Give  Russ  Credit  for  $2,500 
the  amount  of  the  Draft  drawn  on  him,  R.  9th,  and  give  Interest,  etc.  Credit 
for  the  premium  of  $50,  R.  7th. 


24 


Debit  Bank  for  the  amount  of  money  deposited,  R.  Cth,  and  Credit  Ellery 
with  the  same,  which  he  pays  on  account,  R.  9th. 


26  — 


Debit  Russ  with  $2,586.37,  the  net  amount  he  owes  you  on  account  of 
Shipment  to  Caraccas,  Co.  D.,  R.  14th,  and  give  said  Shipment  Credit  for  the 
same,  R.  14th.  Debit  Bank  with  the  $2,093.32  you  deposite,  R.  6th,  and  give 
Russ  Credit  for  the  same  amount,  R.  9th. 


Shipment  to  Caraccas,  Co.  D.  must  be  Debited  with  its  gain,  R.  14th,  and 
Profit  and  Loss  Credited  with  the  same  amount,  R.  10th. 

27  ■ 


Each  of  these  partners  must  be  Debited  with  his  third,  after  the  same  form 
as  you  will  see  by  turning  to  the  explanation  under  the  13th  of  this  month,  R. 
14th.  Credit  Merchandise  with  $2,500,  R.  2d.  Credit  Merchants'  Bank  with 
$6,000,  R.  6th,  and  Credit  Cash  with  $347,  R.  3d. 


31 


For  an  explanation  of  these  four  last  entries,  see  the  four  last  explanations 
in  the  month  of  January. 

[  135  ] 


KEY. 

June,  1st,  1837. 

Debit  Molasses  No.  1  with  $2,998.50,  according  to  R.  15th.  Credit  Bank 
with  $2,970,  money  withdrawn,  R.  6th,  and  give  Cash  Credit  with  $28.50, 
money  disposed  of,  R.  3d. 

The  large  enveloped  letters  you  find  on  the  niaigin  of  this  class  of  entries,  have  reference  to  tlie  marks  on 
the  hogsheads,  boxes,  etc.  It  becomes  necessary  to  iiut  ihem  down,  for  in  business  of  this  kind,  you  are  liable 
to  have  two  or  more  lots  of  the  same  article,  and  th*  pmper  way  of  distinguishing  them  is  by  their  respective 
marks. 


Debit  Carr  with  $1,705,  R.  9tli,  and  give  Molasses,  No.  1,  Credit  for  the  same 
amount,  R.  15th. 


Debit  Flour  Co.  A.  with  $20,022,50,  R.  15th.  Credit  Merchants'  Bank  with 
$20,000,  R.  6th,  and  also  Credit  Cash  with  $22,50. 

Bills  Receivable  must  be  Debited  for  the  amount  of  this  Note  you  receive,  R. 
4th,  and  Hibbard  must  be  Credited  for  the  like  amount;  R.  9th. 


Debit  Bank  with  $3,000  deposited,  R.  6th,  and  give  Loan  Account  Credit 
for  the  same  amount,  R.  17th. 

See,  now,  if  you  did  not  put  this  money,  when  you  lent  it,  to  the  personal 
account  of  Brown  &  Edwards;  if  you  did,  close  said  account,  and  open  your 
Loan  Account. 

I  think  it  is  as  well,  in  actual  business,  if  you  are  much  in  the  habit  of  lending  money,  to  keep  a  Memo- 
randum Book  in  your  Cash  drawer;  which  you  will  call  Loan  Book-,  and  let  the  individual  who  bonovcs 
money  write  an  acknowledgment  on  it  of  tlie  fact,  and  the  circumstances  if  necessary.  By  this  racans  you 
will  avoid  the  Loan  Account  on  the  Leger,  which  I  have  introduced  here  to  illustrate  the  principle  of  keep- 
ing some  account  of  the  kind,  either  on  a  Memorandum  Book  or  your  Leger,  which  is  always  substituted  by 
good  accountants,  instead  of  putting  monies  lent  to  the  account  direct  of  the  borrower.  It  will  be  an  easy 
matter  to  turn  to  your  Loan  Book  when  you  balance  your  Cash,  to  see  if  money  is  out. 

11    


Debit  Bank  with  the  whole  amount  of  money  deposited,  R.    6th.     Credit 
Molasses  No.  1.  and  Flour  Co.  A.,  each  with  their  respective  sums,  R.  15th. 


12 


Debit  Molasses  No.  l,with  $356.50,  R.  15th,  and  Credit  Profit  and  Loss  with 
the  same  amount,  R.  11th. 


14. 


Debit  Bank  with  $10,500,  money  deposited,  R.  6th,  and  Credit  Flour,  Co.  A. 
with  the  same  amount,  R.  15th. 


16 


Flour  Co.  A.  must  be  Debited  with  $977.50,  R.  15th.     Credit  Commission 

with  $210,  R.  16th,  and  Credit  Profit  and  Loss  with  vour  half  net  gain,  and 

E.  B.  Hibbard  for  his  half,  R.  15th. 

'  [  136  ] 


KEY. 

June  19' 

You  have  settled  with  Hibbard  for  the  balance  of  his  account.  Debit  him 
with  ,|  10,333.75,  the  whole  amount  you  pay  him,  R.  9th.  Credit  Bills  Receiva- 
ble with  ^10,000,  the  amount  of  his  Note,  which  is  now  settled  for,  and  give 
Bank  Credit  with  ^383.75,  money  withdrawn,  R.  6th. 


21 


Debit  Bills  Payable  with  ^5,000,  R.  5th.     Also  Debit  Interest  with  $100,  R. 
7th,  and  give'  Bank  Credit  with  the  money  withdrawn,  R.  6th. 


22 


Debit  Sugar,  Co.  R.  with  $11,000,  the  one  half  first  cost,  R.  15th.  Credit 
Wm.  May  with  ,^110,  which  sum  he  owes  you  on  account,  and  goes  towards 
paying  him  for  half  the  cost  of  the  Sugar,  R.  9th,  and  Credit  Bank  with 
$10,890,  money  drawn,  which  pays  the  balance,  R.  6th. 


25 


Debit  Wm.  May  with  $12,000,  R.  15th,  and  Credit  Sugar,  Co.  R.  with  (ha 
same  amount,  R.  15th. 


Sugar  Co.  R.  must  be  Debited  for  its  gain,  and  Profit  and  Loss  Credited  with 
the  same  amount,  R.  15th. 


26 


Loan  Account  must  be  Debited  with  this  amount  of  money  lent,  R.  17th, 
and  Bank  Credited  with  the  same  sum  withdrawn,  R.  6th. 


Debit  Merchants'  Bank  for  the  money  Deposited,  R.  6th,  and  Credit  Wm 
May  with  the  same  amount,  which  he  pays  you  on  account,  R.  9th. 


28 


Cotton,  No.  1,  must  be  Debited  with  its  cost,  R.  15th,  and  Merchants'  Bank 
Credited  with  the  amount  of  money  withdrawn,  R.  6th. 

Bank  must  be  Debited  for  this  sum  deposited,  R.  6th,  and  Loan  Accounti 
Credited  with  the  same  amount,  R.  17th. 


Expense  is  Debited  for  the  rent   of  Store,  R.  8th,  and  Merchants'    Bank 
Credited  with  the  amount  of  money  withdrawn,  R.  6th. 

R  [  137  ] 


KEY. 

Expense  is  debited  for  Clerk  hire,  R.  8th,  and  Law  must  be  Credited  for  the 
amount  you  owe  him,  R.  9th. 


-June.- 


Foran  explanation  of  these  four  last  entries,  see  the  explanation  for  the  four 
last  entries  of  the  month  of  January. 


These  two  entries  arise  from  the  preparatory  steps  to  clbsing  Books.  Hav- 
ing taken  off  your  Trial  Balance  for  the  last  six  months,  you  proceed  to  ex- 
amine such  accounts  as  have  a  double  closure.  Merchandise  is  the  first. 
Taking  the  goods  in  Store  at  $5,000,  agreeable  to  the  rule  for  closing  Books, 
you  produce  a  gain  of  ,$'2,609.97.  Merchandise  must  be  Debited  with  this 
gain,  R.  2d,  and  Profit  and  Loss  Credited,  R.  10th.  You  next  take  Simmons' 
Plantation  and  Steamer  Sun,  valued  each  at  $10,000,  and  by  the  same  method 
that  you  obtain  the  gain  on  Merchandise  Account,  (according  to  the  rule  for 
closing  Books,)  you  will  obtain  the  gains  here  stated;  which  gain  is  disposed  of 
as  in  Merchandise  account. 


Valuing  House  No.  35,  Canal  street,  at  $10,000,  you  perceive,  as  per  rule  for 
closing  Books,  that  you  have  lost  on  said  property  $1,250,  for  which  amount 
Profit  and  Loss  must  be  Debited,  and  House  No.  35,  Canal  street  Credited. 


By  taking  this  Clinton  Estate  at  its  original  valuation,  and  by  the  same  rule, 
as  you  ascertain  the  gain  on  your  respective  property  accounts,  there  ap- 
pears to  be  a  gain  to  Clinton  to  the  amount  of  $1,145,  for  which  he  should 
be  Credited.  House  No.  110  Camp  street,  must  be  Debited  with  $800,  and 
Planters'  Bank  Stock  must  be  Debited  with  $345,  each  to  them  belonging, 
which  makes  the  sum. 


Clinton  must  be  Debited  with  your  Commission  for  attending  to  the  manage- 
ment of  his  property,  R.  9th,  and  Profit  and  Loss  must  be  Credited  with  the 


same  amount,  R.  10th. 


Journal,  June  30th,  1837. 

These  accounts  that  you  see  here  Journalised  are  taken  from  the  Grand 
Balance  Sheet.  Profit  and  Loss  is  first  made  Debit  to  those  accounts  that  are 
an  expense,  etc.  The  account  of  "  J.  C.  Colt"  you  understand  to  be  your 
personal  expense  account,  and  consequently  should  be  closed  to  Profit  and 
Loss,  for  the  same  reasons  that  you  close  Expense  Account  to  it. 

Interest,  etc.  and  Commission  are  next  Debited  to  Profit  and  Loss,  as  they 
represent  a  gain  by  their  respective  sums. 

[  138  1 


KEY. 

Profit  and  Loss  is  then  closed  to  Stock  for  your  net    gain  in  businesss. 

Balance  is  then  made  Debtor  to  the  next  following  accounts ;  and  then  to  the 
reverse,  Credited  by  those  that  follow. 

Finally,  Stock  is  Debited  with  what  you  are  worth,  and  balance  Credited 
with  the  same  amount,  which  makes  an  entire  finish  of  your  Books. 

N.  B.  Look  to  the  Rules  under  the  head  of  which  these  acou  unts  fall,  and  you  will  see  that  they  Bhonld  be 
as  they  are  here  disposed  of. 
Examine  your  Grand  Balance  Sheet  closely. 

[  139  ] 


% 


PRACTICAL    FORMS 


FOR 


KEEPING    BOOKS 


PKACTICAL  FORMS. 

AN  ILLUSTRATION  OF  SIMPLE  PRACTICAL  FORMS,  FOR  KEEPING  BOOKS 
BY  DOUBLE  ENTRY,  IN  TRADING  HOUSES  OF  THE  NARROWEST  OPER 
\TIONS,  AND  THOSE  OF  THE  MOST  UNLIMITED  EXTENT. 


PRELIMINARY  REMARKS. 


In  part  first  of  this  work,  all  has  been  so  arranged  as  to  give  the  pupil  the 
most  efficient  and  complete  knowledge  of  those  accounts  that  make  up  the  main 
body  of  the  science — the  various  practical  forms  for  making  the  original  entries 
which  are  now  in  use,  and  a  full  knowledge  of  the  great  diversity  of  commer 
cial  operations  that  arise  among  every  description  of  traders;  each  peculiar  form 
of  entry  of  the  leading  houses  of  trade  by  itself,  classified  as  much,  perhaps,  as 
it  is  advisable,  that  the  pupil  may  obtain  with  ease  a  knowledge  of  the  various 
descriptions  of  entries  used  in  different  houses,  without  troubling  himself  with  an 
unnecessary  remembrance  of  such  divisions,  and  subdivisions,  as  might  be 
given  in  putting  in  complete  order  every  description  of  entry  that  may  be  con- 
ceived of  or  occur  in  business.  In  a  word,  Part  First  is  arranged  for  giving 
the  pupil  an  ample  knowledge  of  the  science.  Supposing  then  that  you  are 
master  of  the  main  body  of  the  work  and  quahfied  for  entering  into  active  busi- 
ness operations,  we  will  next  proceed  to  give  such  business  Formulas  and  Ex- 
planations, as  will  render  the  science  acceptable  to  every  individual,  high  and 
low,  who  may  be  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits.  And  the  more  so,  we  be- 
lieve, from  the  fact,  that  authors,  who  have  heretofore  published  works,  seem  to 
have  entirely  overlooked  this  part  of  the  study  of  Book-keeping,  or  have  regar- 
ded it  as  the  least  deserving  of  their  attention. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  say,that  being  master  of  the  following  forms,  you  will  not 
force  your  business  transactions  to  yield  to  any  particular  one  of  them,  but  rather 
adopt,  under  various  contingencies,  that  form  which  best  coincides  with  your 
operations,  after  modifying  it  agreeably  to  your  own  judgment  of  the  application 
of  the  principles  of  the  science  under  the  circumstances  that  may  exist. 

C  H3   ] 


PRACTICAL   FORMS.  '       , 

SET  No.  1. 

Before  we  proceed  to  describe  this  set,  which  is  adapted  to  the  most  hmited 
oranches  of  business,  let  us  understand  that  one  object  of  adopting  particular 
forms  to  suit  different  branches  of  business,  is  to  prevent  as  much  as  possible,  at 
unnecessary  writing. 

The  following  book  we  term  a  "  Sales  Book,"  not  more  from  its  being  confined 
entirely  to  the  sales  of  Merchandise,  than  to  distinguish  it  from  others.  You  will 
perceive  by  an  examination  of  this  book,  that  it  contains  in  detail,  an  account  of 
merchandise  sold  to  different  individuals  on  a  credit.  Entries  of  this  kind  com- 
prise from  one  fourth  to  one  half  of  the  sales  of  merchandise,  in  what  is  denom- 
inated, "Retail  Stores;"  which  stores  comprise  about  three  quarters  of  the  tra- 
ding houses  throughout  the  commercial  world.  For  all  entries  of  this  kind, 
there  is  no  necessity  of. keeping  a  Journal,  or  of  journalising  them  in  order  to 
get  the  amounts  to  the  Leger.  Each  man's  name  is  the  proper  title  of  his  ac- 
count, and  he  has  only  to  be  debited  with  the  amount  of  goods  purchased:  con- 
sequently, you  will  post  directly  from  this  book  to  the  Leger,  and  give  the 
Leger  folio  on  the  margin;  which  signifies  that  you  have  carried  to  the  individ- 
ual account  on  the  Leger,  the  total  amount  of  goods  comprised  in  the  entry  to 
which  the  number  of  the  Leger  page  is  annexed. 

We  then  have  each  of  the  accounts  debited  with  their  respective  amounts. 
But  says  the  law  of  book-keeping,  "  in  amount  every  debit  must  have  a  cre- 
dit." Now  from  the  very  title  of  this  book,  you  understand  that  the  object  of 
keeping  it  is  to  confine  it  to  the  sales  of  merchandise  alone.  And  as  it  makes 
no  difference  in  point  of  principles  or  effect,  whether  the  account  of  merchandise 
IS  credited  with  each  separate  amount  of  goods  sold,  or  whether  it  receives  in 
aggregate  amount  the  sale,  of  a  day,  week,  or  month;  suffice  it  to  say,  that 
you  have  in  this  illustration,  for  the  business  of  a  week,  but  one  single  post 
made  to  the  credit  of  merchandise;  which  you  see  is  the  amount  ($  583,10) 
of  the  whole  sales  carried  forward  for  the  time  taken. 

Now,  at  your  pleasure,  from  this  plan,  you  perceive,  you  may  give  mer- 
chandise credit,  oftener  for  the  amount  of  goods  sold,  or  extend  it  to  a  month: 
and  accomplish  all  the  requisites  of  Keeping  bioks  by  Double  Entry. 

When  you  have  examined  this  book  to  your  own  satisfaction,  take  the  next  in 
order,  and  so  on  till  you  have  completed  the  set;  and  you  will  soon  see 
with  what  little  trouble  you  may  apply  the  principles  of  Book-keeping  by  Dou- 
ble Entry  to  any  Retail  Store,  and  yet  retain  all  the  advantages  to  yourself,  that 
a  mammoth  house  may  well  so  proudly  pride  itself  upon. 


ri44-i   . 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 


SALES  BOOK. 
Cincinnati,  January  2,  1837. 


2S 


19 


56 


71 


36 


82 


29 


47 


Sold  Geo.  Richards, 

10  yds.  Striped  Cassimere,  (a)  $2, 

5     «     Fancy         do.  Q  ^1.50,- 

5     «     Blue  do.  (a)  ^2.25,  ■ 


•20,00 
••i7,50 
•11,25 


Sold  John  W.  Heard, 

5  yds.  Super  Sattennett,  ©  §1.50, 

11     «     Blue  Broadcloth,  ©  §3.50, 

4  ps.  112  yds.  Bleached  Sheetings,  fa)  20(|?- 


•••7,50 
•38,50 
•22,40 


Sold  Mershon  &  Wilson, 

12  Mackinaw  Blankets,  (a)  §3.50, 

2  ps.  65  yds.  Kentucky  Jeans,  fa)^§1.10,^ 


•§42,00 
•••71,50 


Sold  David  M.  Lawrence, 

Ah  yds.  Petersham,  (a)  §1.75, 

9       "     Black  Broadcloth,  ©  §4.50 

4       "     Cadet   mixed    Sattennett,   (a)  1.20  • 
2    prs.  Gloves, 


•§7,87 
•40,50 
•••4,80 
•••2,00 


Sold  Charles  A.  Reeder, 

13i  yds.  Blue  prints,  fa)29(j?- 
48     "     Black   do.,    (a)25(^-- 


•§3,82 
•12,00 


Sold  James  C.  Wilson, 

2    doz.  Coat  Buttons,©  50(j? 

1       «       Vest     do.,     

1    Silk  Vest  Pattern, 

Sh  yds.  Black  Broadcloth,  (a)  §5,^ 


•§1,00 

38 

•••2,50 
•27,50 


Sold  Frederick  Jackson, 

2  ps.  63  yds.  Bleached  Shirtings,  Q  18(j?- 

2  ps.  6I§  yds.      do./    Sheetings,  (a)2\(s*--- 

79  yds.  Duck,  (a)  16|(|? 


•§11,34 
•••12,91 
••■13,16 


Sold  Wrri.  P.  Hulbert, 

10  ps.  307  yds.  Bleached  Shirtings,®  11(|?- 
12"     361  do.  Sheetings,  fa)13(}? 


•§33,77 
•  ••46,93 


Amount  carried  forward, 11 


75 


68 


113 


40 


50 


55 


15 


17 


82 


31 


37 


38 


41 


80 


70 


441 


13 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 
Cincinnati,  January  5,  1837. 


26 


42 


43 


13 


17 


21 

I 
61 


Am't  brought  forward, 

Sold  James  B.  Bell, 

49  yds.  Shirting,  (S)  12i({?- 


Sold  Thomas  Spooner, 

1  doz.  Cotton  Socks, 

2  Linen  Handkerchiefs,- 


•§2,75 
•••3,00 


6 


Sold  John  Haslette, 

1    pr.  Elastic  Suspenders, 

1    «     Gloves, 

35  yds.  Black  Broadcloth,  fa) 

42    "      Cassimere,  (a)  §2, 

14      «     Shirting,  (cD  12(|? 


•^2,00 

75 

■17,50 
•••9,00 
•  ••1,68 


Sold  Frederick  Blair, 

15  yds.  Linen,  (a)  90(|? 

8    "     Flannel,  (a)  70(|? 

1  pr.  Pantaloon  Straps, 

2  Linen  Hdkfs.,  ©  gl.50- 
2  Silk        do.,  (5)  SI, 


•gl3,50 

5,60 

25 

3,00 

2,00 


Sold  Wm.  Ward, 
1  Hair  Stock,^ 

1  Satin  do. 

1  pr.  Gloves,— 


.^1,50 
•••2,00 
•  ••1,00 


Paid  in  Mdse.  Benj.  M.  Pedou's  Order  in  favor  of  John  M.  Lee,- 


45 


Sold  Saml.  P.  Allen, 

12  yds.  Kentucky  Jeans,  Q  $1, §12,00 

2    Blankets, 7,00 

1  Silk  Umbrella, • 6,00 


Sold  Wm.  L.  Spooner, 

45  yds.  Drab  Broadcloth,  (S)  $4,- 

14     Buttons, 

4       do., 

4    Skeins  Silk, 

1    Twist, 


.jgl8,00 

90 

12 

24 

6 


ri46i 


Posted,- 


441 

6 


13 
12 

75 


30 


95 


24 


3i» 


4 
26 


50 
OC 


25 


00 


19 


58S 


32 
10 


PRACTICAL   FORMS. 


CASH  BOOK. 

The  following  is  an  illustration  of  a  Cash  Book.  The  object  of  which  is  to 
keep  a  correct  account  of  all  moneys  received  and  paid  out.  The  first  column 
contains  the  sums  of  all  cash  received  ;  this  is  the  Debit  column  :  and  the 
second,  the  sums  paid  out,  which  is  the  Credit  column.  It  is  frequently  the 
case,  as  you  will  see  illustrated  in  set  No.  3,  that  one  page  of  this  book  is  used 
exclusively  for  putting  dov.'^n  the  Debits,  and  the  corresponding  and  opposite  page  is 
occupied  for  the  Credits  of  Cash. 

By  reading  over  the  entries  in  the  following  illustration,  you  will  perceive  that 
It  is  carried  to  an  extent  quite  sufficient  to  show  that  all  the  cash  transactions  of 
the  greater  nuniber  of  trading  houses,  may  be  made  directly  upon  this  book, 
and,  also,  may  be  posted  directly  to  the  Leger  without  journalizing. 

The  column  on  the  left  hand  side  adjoining  the  dates,  is  for  giving  the  post 
mark. 

You  see  by  examining  this  book  the  expression,  "Mdse.  Sales"  under  each 
date.  This  includes  all  the  moneys  received  for  that  day  for  the  sale  of  goods; 
which  money  goes  into  the  receiving  drawer,  and  at  night  is  counted  out  and 
transferred  to  the  desk,  when  this  entry  is  made.  This  amount  goes  to  the  Debit 
column  of  cash,  as  well  as  all  the  other  moneys  received;  but  like  all  other 
amounts  in  this  column,  must,  when  posted  to  the  Leger,  be  carried  to  the  credit 
side  of  each  respective  account.  And  likewise,  the  amounts  that  appear  on  the 
credit  of  Cash,  must  be  posted  to  the  Debit  of  their  corresponding  accounts. 

By  this  manner  of  posting,  you  will  have  but  one  entry  to  make  to  merchan- 
dise account  on  the  Leger  for  all  goods  sold  for  cash  each  day.     And  if  you 
choose,  you  may  even  omit  to  post  the  separate  amounts  of  the  Cash   Sales  of 
Merchandise  until  the  end  of  a  week  or  month;  when  you  may  make  a  coUec 
tion  of  all  sales  for  the  time  taken,  and  give  Merchandise  Credit  for  the  aggre 
gate  amount  of  said  collected  sums. 

Once  a  week,  or  once  a  month,  you  must  be  careful  to  post  to  the  cash 
accdnnt  of  the  Leger  the  whole  amount  of  the  money  received  and  paid  out  for 
the  time  taken,  as  will  appear  from  footing  the  Cash  Book;  being  careful, 
however,  not  to  include  the  old  balance  of  the  account;  for  recollect,  that  this 
amount  has  no  credit  in  this  month,  but  the  nwnth  previous.  Or  if  you  should 
write  down  the  balance  of  your  Cash  account,  and  close  it  from  time  to  time,  be 
fore  the  aggregate  of  said  received  and  paid  out  sums,  be  carried  to  the  Leger 
account  of  Cash,  be  careful  not  to  include  at  any  time  these  balances. 

You  see  that  I  have  not  balanced  the  Cash  account  in  this  illu^ation,  until 
the  end  of  'he  week.  You  may  run  over  the  Cash  Book  every  night,  if  you 
please,  to  see  if  the  balance,  as  appears  from  vour  Cash  Book,  corresponds,  oi 

C  147  1 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 

nearly  corresponds,  with  the  amount  of  Cash  on  hand.  But  I  would  not  recom- 
mend, in  doing  a  small  business,  to  make  an  actual  closure  of  this  account  daily; 
as  the  sums  paid  out  and  received  are  not  numerous,  nor  the  amounts  large ;  con- 
sequently,it  is  not  necessary,  as  in  an  extensive  house,  to  make  this  closure  or 
examination  for  the  sake  of  detecting  mistakes  of  important  amounts  of  money. 
However,  respecting  this,  consult  your  judgment  and  peculiar  situation.  Only 
be  certain  that  you  are  right  before  you  take  off  your  monthly  Trial  Balance  of 
the  Leger,  and  post  to  your  Leger  account  of  Cash,  the  total  amount  of  Cash 
received  and  paid  out  during  the  month,  as  appears  from  the  Cash  Book. 


Cincinnati^  January,  1837. 


1837 
Jan. 


Balance  of  Old  Account • 

Mdse.  Sales 

Expense  

Received  of  Richard  Bates  on  account 

Mdse.  Sales 

Paid  Keys  and  Isham  on  account  

•'    for  Sundry  Mdse.  

Mdse.  Sales i 

Do.     do. ^ 

J.  C.  Colt 

Received  of  Wm.  T.  Smith  on  account 

Do.       Glezen  and  Shepard     do. 

Do.       Dr.  James  Bicknal       do. 

Mdse.  Sales •. 

Paid  David  B.  Carroll  for  Mdse.  •- 

Received  of  Robert  Fulton  on  account 

Mdse.  Sales ■ 

Paid  my  Note  of  Oct.  6,  1837,  in  favor  of  D, 

Cass 

Interest  on  the  above  Note,  at  7  per  cent 

Balance  of  Cash  on  hand 


Balance  of  Old  Account- 


Drs. 

350 
106 

21 
165 


92 
182 

60 

11 

23 

211 

19 
181 


1,425 


714 


Crs. 


20 


95 
231 


50 


110 


200 

3 

714 


1,425 


37 


80 
50 


0(> 


00 


00 
50 
18 


35 


{    148   1 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 


DAY  BOOK. 

You  see  by  an  examination,that  this  book  is  confined  to  such  entries  as  arise 
from  the  purchase  of  Merchandise;  also,  whatever  miscellaneous  entries  may 
occur  in  transacting  business. 

Here  are  two  plans;  the  one  on  which  the  Day  Book  entries  are  made  in 
Journal  form,  so  as  to  avoid  the  trouble  of  keeping  a  Journal,  and  the  other,  the 
entries  are  made  after  the  usual  Day  Book  form,  and  are  journalized  on  the  op 
posite  page.  In  business  such  as  this  set  of  books  is  intended  for,  the  miscella- 
neous entries  arc  very  few,  and  you  will  find  eithetof  the  plans  good  in  practice. 
If  you  should  use  the  latter  plan,  it  will  most  generally  be  best  to  keep  the  Jour 
nal  in  the  same  book  and  on  the  opposite  page  to  the  Day  Book  entries,  as  here 
illustrated.  These  books  may  be  kept  together  with  little  or  no  waste  of  paper, 
as  most  of  this  class  of  entries  that  occur  in  a  retail  store,  will  seldom  take  up 
more  than  two  or  three  lines  in  the  original  entry.  There  is  another  advantage 
in  keeping,  these  books  together;  which  is,  that  of  having  the  Day  Book  entiy 
before  you,  when  transferring  from  the  Leger  to  the  Journal. 

In  addition  to  the  above  books  described,  there  are  two  others  that  it  may  be 
advisable  to  keep,  rather  as  memorandum  books,  than  books  of  necessity  or  im 
portance. 

An  Expense  Book,  for  keeping  in  detail  all  the  little  sums  paid  out,  and  for  what 
use.  Moneys  for  this  purpose  may  be  taken  directly  from  the  receiving  drawer. 
And  on  the  last  day  of  each  month  (when  you  will  see  that  all  operations  have 
been  correctly  disposed  of,)  make  an  entry  to  the  Credit  of  Cash,  on  your  Cash 
Book,  for  the  aggregate  Expenses  as  appears  from  this  book.  And  let  the  same 
amount  be  included  in  the  Cash  Book  on  the  last  day's  sales  of  merchandise  for 
tlie  month. 

A  Memorandum  Book  may  be  kept  for  Debiting  to  A.  B.  or  C.  (with  whom 
you  have  no  regular  account,  and  to  whom  you  do  not  expect  or  desire  to  give 
credit  for  any  material  amount,)  to  place  such  short  credits  for  trifling  sums,  as 
will  arise,  in  spite  of  every  precaution,  to  the  retailer;  which  sums,  when  paid, 
may  go- into  the  Cash  drawer  as  sales  of  goods  on  the  day  when  the  same  is  re 
ceived. 

I  have  not  given  a  Leger  to  this  or  any  of  the  following  sets  for  keeping 
tooks,  deeming  it  useless,  as  you  are  acquainted  with  the  main  body  of  the 
work.  A  hint  to  him  who  has  studied  the  principles  of  the  science,  is  much 
Detter  than  labored  argument  and  unnecessary  illustrations. 


[149*1 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 


DAY  BOOK. 

Cincinnati,  January  2,  1837. 


5 
10 


5 
25 


IS 
52 


16 

25 


26 
42 


Mdse.  Dr.  to  James  Brown 
For  Goods,  as  per  Invoice,- 


Mdse.  Dr.  to  Bills  Payable 

For  my  Note  passed  to  Saml.  F.  Bates,  for 
Goods,  as  per  Invoice, 

5    


Daniel  Buck  Dr.  to  Horace  Alden 
As  per  am't  of  his  order,---- 


Amos  Boyed  Dr.  to  Bills  Payable 

For  his  Draft  at  ten  days  sight,  accepted,- 


Bills  Receivable  Dr.  to  Shayes  &  Shepard 
For  their  Note  in  full  of  acc't., 


225 


410 


23 


125 


210 


00 


50 


50 


00 


75 


DAY  BOOK, 

Cincinnati,  January  2,  1837. 


Bot.  of  James  Brown,  Mdse.  as  per  Invoice,  am't  to- 


Passed  ray  Note  at  3  mo.  to  Samuel  F.  Bates  for  Mdse. 
as  per  Invoice, 

5    


Daniel  Buck  to  Horace  Alden,  as  per  Order, 
7 


Accepted  Amos  Boyed's  Draft  on  me  at  10  days  sight,  for- 


Rec'd  Shayes  &  Shepard's  Note  in  full  of  acc't. - 


225 


410 


23 


125 


210 


994 


00 


50 


50 


OP 


75 


75 


[150] 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 


•% 


JOURNAL. 

Cincinnati,  January  2,  1837. 


5 
10 

25 


18 
52 

16 
25 

26 
42 


Merchandise  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

James  Brown, 

Bills  Payable, 


Daniel  Buck  Dr. 

to  Horace  Alden,- 


Amos  Boyed  Dr. 

to  Bills  Payable,- 


Bills  Receivable  Dr. 

to  Shayes  &  Shepard, 


.^225,00 
•••410,50 


'J if-'  -fi- 


LlBl] 


635 


23 


125 


50 


50 


00 


210 


994 


75 


75 


PQ^CTICAL  FORMS. 


SET  No.  2. 

By  examining  the  following  plan,you  will  see  that  the  Day  Book  contains 
tliree  columns  for  dollars  and  cents.  The  first  column  is  intended  for  miscella- 
neous entries.  (Mis's.)  The  second  for  all  entries  that  arise  from  the  purchase  of 
merchandise;  (  Drs.  M.  )  The  third  for  the  sales  of  merchandise;  (Crs.  JNI.) 
This  again  is  an  illustration  to  avoid  using  the  Journal;  which  book,  by  the  by, 
I  think  in  most  trading  houses  is  entirely  useless,  and  as  you  will  discover  from 
this  illustration,  should  be  omitted.  The  miscellaneous  entries  are  made  here 
in  journal  form,  and  are  consequently,  as  easy  of  posting  as  the  simple  pur- 
chase and  sales  of  merchandise. 

You,may  if  you  choose,omit  this  column  for  miscellaneous  entries,  and  adopt  a 
separate  book  in  its  stead;  say  a  book  after  one  of  the  plans  of  a  Day  Book  in 
the  preceding  set,  and  perhaps  it  would  be  advisable,  if  your  business  is  of  such 
nature  as  to  cause  many  such  entries  as  are  here  illustrated. 

You  will  foot  up  the  columns  for  the  purchase  and  sales  of  merchandise  and 
Debit  or  Credit  merchandise  for  the  total  amount  of  all  goods  bought  and  sold, 
at  the  end  of  each  week  or  month. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  say  that  each  of  these  accounts  will  be  posted  for  its  res- 
pective sum,  directly  to  the  Leger  from  this  book. 

This  plan  will  be  found  to  answer  well  in  stores  where  there  are  frequent 
purchases  of  merchandise  made,  as  well  as  goods  sold.  While  the  preceding 
set  will  be  found  to  answer  best  in  practice,  in  that  store  where  the  merchant 
only  purchases  his  goods  periodically. 

To  complete  this  set,  take  the  Cash  Book  of  the  preceding  set,  which  if  intro 
duced  here,  would  be  the  same  as  it  is  there  illustrated.     Also,  the  two  Memo 
randum  Books  referred  to  at  the  end  of  said  set,  and  that  will  render  this  set 
complete, and  sufficient  for  any  suitable  business  to  which  you  may  apply  it. 

[  152  ] 


PRACTICAL   FORMS. 


DAY  BOOK. 

Louisville^  January  2,  1837. 


25 


31 


19 


10 


23 


26 


10 


42 


51 


49 


Sold  Wm.  Armsbury, 

50  lbs.  Tobacco,  Co)  20  ^ 


Bo't  of  Aaron  McCall, 

2510  lbs.  Pork,  (a)  4({?- 


Sold  Richard  K.  Cox, 

48  gs.  Molasses,  ©  40(j? 

23  lbs.  Green  Rio  Coffee,  (a)  25(j?- 


Mdse.  Dr.  to  Bills  Payable, 

For  my  Note  passed  to  Samuel  P.  Chas6 

for  goods,  as  per  Invoice, 

3    


Sold  James  Ewin, 

1980  lbs.  N.  0.  Sugar,  rj)  lie}?- 


Sold  Abram  Murry, 

2  bis.  64  gs.  M.  Whiskey,  (ad  36(j?- 
200  lbs.  Butter,  (a)  19(j?  ••• 


Bo't  of  Wm.  Coughlin, 

50  lbs.   Flour,  (a)  $5.\2,- 


Mdse.  Dr.  to  Bills  Payable, 

For  2  hhds.  2550  lbs.  Sugar,  (a)  9(|} 

bo't  of  T.  Henderson  by  Note  at  3  mo 
4    


Sold  John  M.  Blair, 

2  bis.  No.  1  Mackerel,  © 

5  «     Apples,  (0)^1.50, 

10  "     Salt,  (a)  ^3.50, 


Sold  Frances  M.  Meire, 

100  lbs.  Rice,  rS)4(^ 

50  «     Rio  Coffee,  ©  22(j?-.. 
130  «     Loaf  Sugar,  (a)  20(|?- 


Sold  Benj.  ]\I.  Pratt, 

50  bis.  Flour,  ©  $5.50,- 


Am't  carried  forward, 

r  153] 


Mis 


19 
6 


50 


23 
38 


229 


16 

7 

35 


4 
11 

26 


Drs. 


M 


00 


04 
00 


50 


OOi 
50 
00 


00 
00 
00 


100 


40 


50 


00 


256 


229 


00 


50 


635  90 


Crs. 


10 


M 
00 


25 


46 


217 


61 


80 


04 


5S 


50 


41 


275 


00 


00 


688  79 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 
Louisville^  January  5,    1837. 


35 


37 


Amount  brought  forward 


Sold  James  Justice, 

6  boxes  Raisins,  (a)  i?3,- 

4  lbs.  Pepper,  (a)  20(|? 

200  «     Hams,  ©  14(}? 


11 


62 


19 


34 


57 


52 


53 


45 


22 


Sold  Wm.  Cones, 

300  lbs.  Butter,  (a)  20({?"" 
62  gs.  Molasses,  fa)  42(^- 
10  lbs.  Flour,  ©  §5.50,- 


Bills  Receivable  Dr.  to  Mdse. 

For  Daniel  Home's  Note  at  3  mo., 
for  goods,  as  per  Invoice, 

6    


Sold  Caleb  Williams, 

5  boxes  Bloom  Raisins,  (a) 
4  lbs.  H.  S.  Tea,  f5)75(j?••. 


Bo't  of  Wm.  Barry, 

500  lbs.  Pork,  (a)  4(]?- 


Bo't  of  James  Murry, 

200  lbs.  Lard,  ©  9(j? 

1,000  «     Butter,  fa)  14(}>- 


Sold  David  Thork, 

10  bis  Flour,  fa)g5.50- 


Sold  Saml.  McCormick, 

6  bis.  No.  2.  Mackerel,  fa)  $1.- 


Bo't  of  Wm.  Amsbury, 
20  bis.  Salt,  fS)  §2.50, 


Sold  James  Ewin, 

448  bis.  Rio  Coffee,  f5)-15(j? 


Bo't  of  Oliver  Smith,  2d, 
160 lbs.  Lard,©  9  (j? 


Posted 1 

r  154  1 


Mis 


18 


28 


60 
26 
55 


420 


15 

3 


18 
140 


00 


Drs 

635 


20 


158  00 


00 


50 


14 


878 


00 


Crs. 

688 


40 


30 


46 


141 


420 


18 


M 

79 


80 


04 


00 


00 


55 


42 


67 


00 


00 


20 


1,478 


83 


PRACTICAL   FORMS. 


SET  No.  3. 

The  following  plan  for  keeping  books,  is  intended  for  the  most  extensive 
branches  of  business.  As  illustrated,  every  transaction  passes  through  the  Jour- 
nal in  going  to  the  Leger. 

The  Journal  is  intended  as  here  used,  for  a  book  to  collect  the  separate  amounts 
of  the  different  accounts  that  have  been  effected  during  the  time  taken.     The 
object  of  this,  is  to  put  into  one,  what  would  otherwise  require  many  posts  to 
the  Leger.     You  will  see  this  more  clearly,  perhaps,  by  examining  the  Journal 
ising  of  the  Cash  Book. 

The  manner  I  have  conducted  this  Journal,  excludes  entirely  all  explanation 
of  the  business  transactions,  and  nothing  appears  but  the  Leger  titles  and  their 
amounts. 

I  love  Book-keeping,  but  hate  unnecessary  labor.  And  although  many 
good  accountants  in  extensive  houses,  are  in  the  habit  of  giving  a  recapitulation 
of  the  business  transactions  under  the  Leger  title  upon  the  Journal;  yet  I  must 
beg  leave  in  most  cases  to  differ  from  them  in  the  utility  of  so  doing.  I  have 
had  frequent  occasion  to  admire  their  industry  in  toil,  and  talents  in  execution. 
Book-keeping  is  intended  both  as  a  time  and  labor  saving  machine.  And  that 
which  gives  one  accountant  a  proficiency  over  another,  is  economy  in  writing; 
and,  therefore,  as  I  would  have  all  my  practical  forms  simplified  as  much 
as  the  business  will  admit,  when  put  into  practice;  I  avoid  many  things 
in  their  illustration,  that  I  might  under  certain  circumstances  adopt  as  the  most 
expedient. 

This  set  is  intended,  as  before,  stated,  for  the  most  extensive  branches  of  busi 
ness.  I  have  not  carried  it  to  that  extent,  which,  perhaps,  you  may  be  looking  for 
in  an  illustration  for  a  practical  form  for  houses  of  this  class.  It  might  have  been 
made  to  contain  all  mercantile  transactions,  both  foreign  and  domestic,  in  exche 
quer  and  exchange.  But  if  thus  executed,  it  would  have  carried  it  beyond  tho 
bounds  of  common  industry  and  use,  and  thus,  perhaps,  thrown  a  dead  weight 
upon  the  whole  spirit  of  the  volume,  by  increasing  it  to  ten  times  its  present 
size,  which  would  cause  many  to  shrink  from  examining  that  which,  when 
well  understood,  would  be  clearly  seen  to  apply  to  only  about  one  establishment 
m  a  hundred;  and  thereby  throw  a  doubt  and  distrust  upon  the  perfection  of 
those  principles,  so  plainly  illustrated  and  easy  of  application  in  most  trading 
houses. 

In  houses  of  very  extensive  operations,  the  great  variety  and  multiplicity  of 
business,  frequently  requires  that  several  accountants  should  be  employed,  and 
for  convenience  sake,  numerous  books  are  used;  but  in  their  use  and  the  num- 

C  165  ] 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 

Der  of  hands  employed  to  execute  the  work,  without  regard  to  labor,  there  is 
an  object  aimed  at  beyond  the  convenience  or  inconvenience  of  the  operator; 
which  is, that  of  laying  before  the  chief  of  such  an  establishment,  in  abbreviated 
language,  the  whole  operations  thereof. 

The  Leger  represents  only  balances  and  aggregate  amounts.  And  the  books 
of  original  entries  contain  too  much  of  detail,  for  the  time  which  the  principal 
financier  or  director  has  to  spend  in  obtaining  at  all  times  the  leadmg  operations, 
that  may  directly  or  indirectly  affect  movements,  which  to  succeed,  must  no 
sooner  be  conceived,  than  executed.  Consequently,  in  such  houses  the  Journal 
becomes  a  book  for  transcribing  and  collecting  operations  for  the  benefit  of  the 
director,  and  not  from  any  other  necessity  of,  or  advantage  to  the  operator. 

The  number  of  books  used,  and  the  peculiar  application  of  them  in  extensive 
houses,  is,  from  necessity  and  convenience,  quite  various,  and  will  not  admit,  as 
in  small  establishments,  a  general  illustration  of  such  books  as  may  only  be 
used  to  advantage.  And  as  I  am  addressing  men  of  natural  tact  and  clear 
judgment,  I  may  conclude  these  remarks  in  about  as  a  sweeping  a  clause,  as  the 
Elocutionist  finished  his  remarks  to  his  pupil,  when  he  told  him  to  "  suit  the 
action  to  the  word,  and  the  word  to  the  action."  I  may  say,  suit  the  books  to 
the  business,  and  the  business  to  the  books. 

In  houses  where  there  is  but  one  or  two  accountants  employed,  and  the  busi 
ness  is  large,  and  yet  not  of  the  most  extensive  kind,  the  following  plan  may  be 
found  to  answer  well;  and  in  very  many  instances  it  may  be  much  simplified 
when  adopted.  You  see  in  the  Day  Book  frequent  entries  of  "  Merchandise 
Sales,"  reference  given  to  a  Sales  Book  (S.  B.)  There  are  many  houses  where 
the  business  is  well  calculated  to  exclude  entirely  these  entries  from  the  Day 
Book ;  as  it  will  be  found  that  with  less  trouble  you  may  post  directly  from  the 
Sales  Book. 

By  imderstanding  the  preceding  illustrations,  you  will  know  when,  where, 
and  how,  to  add  such  other  books  to  this  set  as  to  make  it  complete  for  your 
business.  Always  keeping  in  mind  that  although  it  may  require  a  few  hours 
reflection  to  adjust  precisely  a  set  of  books  best  calculated  for  your  operations, 
yet  for  all  such  time  spent,  you  will  find  yourself  richly  paid,  from  the  facilities 
you  may  derive  from  first  making  a  judicious  arrangement  in  the  manner  of 
keeping  the  record  of  your  affairs. 

In  some  houses  where  the  Journal  is  used,they  have  an  extra  coxumn  on  the 
Lfeger  for  giving  the  page  of  the  book  from  which  the  original  entry  is  taken; 
so  as  to  save  the  trouble,  in  case  you  wish  to  inform  yourself  upon  the  original 
entry,  of  turning  first  to  the  Journal. 


[  156] 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 


DAY   BOOK. 

St.  Louis,  January  2,  1837. 


Sold  Peter  Campbell,  Mdse.  S.  B.- 


Bo't  of  Burgess  &  Crane,  Mdse.  I.  B.- 


Sold  Kilgour  and  Taylor,  Mdse.  S.  B. 


Sold  Robert  F.  Levering,  Mdse.  S.  B.- 


Rec'd  James  W.  Ely's  Note  at  3  mo.  in  full  of  acc't. 


Passed  to  Aaron  K.  Kennett,  my  Note  at  30  days  for   Mdse 
I.  B. 


Bo't  of  Samuel  Stone,  Mdse.  I.  B. 


Sold  James  Clark,  Mdse.  S.  B. 


Paid  in  Mdse.  my  Note  of  October  2d.  to  Henry  Lee,----jSl,000.00 
Interest, 17.50 


Rec'd  Edward  Atwater's  acceptance,  of  Jan.  3d.  at  one  month,- ••• 


Sold  Dinsmore  &  Neville,  Mdse.  S.  B. 


A.ccepted  Edward  Atwater's  Bill  on  me  at  10  days  sight,  favor  of 
James  Robinson, 


Sold  James  B.  Colt,  Mdse.  S.  B. 


Paid    in    Mdse.   Geo.   D.   Selden's   Order  in    favor  of   James 
York,  


Sold  John  Adams,  Jr.  Mdse.  S.  B.- 


Accepted  Hart  well,  Lawrence  &  Co's  Bill  on  me  at  five  days 
sight,  favor  of  Robert  Buchanan, 


Sold  Adams  &  Shaw,  Mdse.  S.  B. 


Rec'd,  per  Steamer  Henry  Clay,  from  Kilgour,  Taylor  &    Co. 
Mdse.  L  B. 


Rec'd  Saml.  W.  Story's  Note  at  3  mo.  for  Mdse.  S.  B. 
Am't  carried  forward, 

r  167 1 


500 

00 

750 

00 

825 

50 

120 

00 

2S1 

78 

475 

00 

110 

50 

671 

25 

1,017 

50 

2,200 

00 

325 

25 

1,000 

00 

210 

15 

100 

00 

359 

50 

1,000 

00 

1,700 

00 

2,3C0 

00 

450 

50 

14,396 

>L3 

PRACTICAL  FORMS. 

St.  Louis,  January   5,   1837. 


2 

93 
50 

38 

00 
90 
95 
00 
00 
50 
40 

50 
31 

00 


Sold  John  Taylor,  Mdse.  S.  B. 


Sold  John  Burk,  Mdse.  S.  B. 


Bo't  uf  Bates  &  Wales,  Mdse.  I.  B. 


Rec'd  Mdse.  I.  B.  for  David  S.  Holuck's  Note  of  Oct.  5th, 

1836. 1,000.00 

Interest, 17.50 


Am't  brought  forward, 

Sold  Joseph  Ghist,  Mdse.  S.  B. 


Received  per  Steamer  Sun,  from  Hauk  ^'  Barrett,  Mdse.  I.  B. 


Accepted  Burgess  &  Crane's  Bill  on  me  at  4  days  sight,  favor  of 
Messrs.  J.  &  N.  Florer 


Sold  Stephen  Fales,  Mdse.  S.  B. 


Sold  Wm.  Bayott,  Mdse.  S.  B. 


Bo't  of  Charles  M.  Doolittle,  Mdse.  I.  B. 


Sold  Thomas  Barrett,  Mdse.  S.  B.- 


Accepted  N.  W.  Thomas  &  Go's  Bill  at  3  days  sight,  favor  of 
Edward  Say. - 

7   


Drew  on  Samuel  Colt  for  balance  due  on  his  acc't,  sold  said 
Bill,  at  10  days  on  acc't,  to  James  A.  James,  at  one  per 
cent.  1,500 

Premium, 15 


Sold  Geo.  Selves,  Mdse.  S.  B. 


Passed  to  John  Caldwell,  my  Note  (a)  3  mo.  for  Mdse.  I.  B. 


Paid  in  Mdse,  my  Note  of  Oct.  7th,  to  Oliver  Sanders, 500.00 

Interest,  8.75 


Rec'd  Alex.  Flash's  acceptance  of  June  2d,  (a)  one  mo.- 


r  158  ] 


14,396 
571 

395 

500 
25 
108 
395 
151 
981 
135 

1,017 

172 

250 


1,515 
321 
530 

508 

1,000 

22,976 


00 

55 
00 

75 
00 
67 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 


Dr. 


CASH 

St.  Louis,  January,  1837. 


Jan. 


Jan. 


Jan. 


Jan. 


Jan. 


Jan. 


Balance  of  Old  Account 

Received  of  Timothy  Alden  on  account  • 

«  Elijah  Slack  *  do. 

«  Mdsc.  Sales 


Balance  of  Old  Account •" 

Rec'd  of  Nath'l  Holley  in  full  of  his  Note- 

"      3  mo.  Interest 

"  of  John  L.  Talbott  in  full  of  account- 
'•      Mdse.  Sales 


Balance  of  Old  Account 

Rec'd  of  Matthew  A.  H.  Niles  on  account 

"        John  Easterbrook 

"  Oliver  L.  Leonard,  in  full  of  account 
Mdse.  Sales 


Balance  of  Old  Account- 
Mdse.  Sales 


Balance  of  Old  Account 

Rec'd  of  John  P.  Van  Hagan,  on  his  Note  of  Dec.  1S36 

Mdse.  Sales 

Received  of  Samuel  W.  Wheeler  on  account 


Balance  of  Old  Account- 


r  160] 


1,151 

425 

85 

495 


2,157 


1,422 

1,000 

17 

420 

750 


3,610 


743 
100 
250 
3~5 
110 


1.579 


7S 
230 


1.014 


953 
500 
4  [-5 
250 


2,199 


1,105 


92 
50 
00 
50 


92 


52 
00 
50 
00 
00 


02 

52 
00 
00 
50 
50 

52 

52 
50 


02 

52 
00 
50 
00 


02 
03 


rKACTICAL  FORMS. 


BOOK. 

Sf.  Louis,  January  1837. 


Or. 


Jan.  2 


fan. 


Jan. 


Jan. 


Jan. 


Paid  Thomas  Moylin  9n  account  • 

"     Charles  B.  McKee  in  full  of  account 

"     Expense  

"     Freight  on  Mdse.  from  Cincinnati 

"         do.  do.       per  Homer,  from  Louisville  

"         do.     for   Frederick   Prescott,  on  Mdse.  per  Homer, 

from  Louisville 

Balance  of  Cash  on  hand 


Paid  Cyrus  Davenport  in  full  of  account 

"     my  Acceptance  of  William  Colles'  Draft 

"     my  Note  of  July  2d,  1836,  to  Thomas  J.  Mathews 

"     Interest • 

"     John  C.  Colt • 

"     Amos  M.  Bolton  on  account ' 

"     Expense 

"     Abram  G.  Smith,  for  Mdse. 

Balance  of  Cash  on  hand • 


Paid  Andrew  Hervie  for  Mdse.  

"     my  Acceptance  of  Richard  Morecraft's  Draft- 

"     Expense  

"     Augustus  Wattles  in  full  of  account  ••••• 

"     Balance  of  Cash  on  hand 


Paid  Lewis  D,  Howell,  on  account  of  Samuel  Leslie 

"     Expense  •••, 

Balance  of  Cash  on  hand 


Paid  Freight  on  Mdse.  from  New  Orleans 

'<         do.forGarahMarkland  from  Natches 

"     John  W.  Hopkins  in  full  of  account  

"     Interest  allowed  on  the  above 

Balance  of  Cash  on  hand 


C  161  ] 


500 
85 
71 
16 
25 

37 
1,422 


2,157 


475 

1,000 

1,000 

35 

50 

25 

5 

275 

74 


3,610 


150 

500 

10 

135 

783 


1,579 


50 

10 

953 


1,014 


150 

35 

895 

13 

1,105 

2,199 


00 
90 
00 
00 
50 

00 
52 

92 

50 
00 
00 
00 
00 
50 
50 
00 
52 


02 

00 
00 
50 
50 
52 


52 


00 

50 
52 


02 


00 
50 
00 
50 
02 

02 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 


JOURNAL. 

January  7,  1837. 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Merchandise. 

Peter  Campbell 

Kilgour  &  Taylor 

Robert  F.  Levering 

James  Clark 

Bills  Payable  

Interest 

Dinsmore  &  Neville  

James  B.  Colt 

George  D.  Selden 

John  Adams,  Jr. 

Adams  &  Shaw 

Bills  Receivable 

Joseph  Ghest 

Stephen  Fales 

Wm.  Bayott 

John  Taylor  

John  Bm-k  

Thomas  Barrett  

George  Selves 

Bills  Payable  

Interest  


Merchandise  Dr.  to  Sundries. 

Burgess  and  Crane .••• 

Bills  Payable 

Samuel  Stone 

Kilgour,  Taylor  &  Co.  ••• 

Hauk  &  Barrett 

Charles  M.  Doolittle 

Bates  &  Wales  

Bills  Receivable  • 

^Interest 

Bills  Payable 


Bills  Receivable  Dr.  to  Sundries. 

James  W.  Ely , 

Edward  Atwater 

Alex.   Flash 


Amount  carried  forward 


500 
825 
120 
671 
,000 

17 
325 
210 
100 
359 
L,700 
450 
571 

25 
108 
151 
981 
172 
321 
500 
8 


00 

50 

00 

25 

00 

50 

25 

15 

00 

50 

00 

50 

50 

90 

95 

00 

50 

311 

55 

00 

75 


750 
475 
110 

2,300 
395 
395 
135 

1,000 

17 

530 


281 
2  200 
1.000 


00 
00 
50 
00 
38 
00 
40 
00 
50 
00 


78 
00 
00 


9,121 


1] 


6,108 


78 


3,481 
18,711 


78 


67 


f  162  T 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 


Amount  brought  Ibrward 

Sundries  Dr.  to  Bills  payable. 

Edward  Atwater 

Hartvvell,  Lawrence  &  Co.  • 

Burgess  and  Crane  

N.  W.  Thomas  &  Co. 

James  A.  James  Dr.  to  Sundries, 

Samuel  Colt 

Premium 


January  7,    1837. 


,1,000 

1,000 

500 

250 


1,500 
15 


18,711 


67 


00 
00 
00 
00 


00 
00 


2,750 


1,515 


00 


00 


22,976  67 


Cash  Dr.  X-o  Sundries. 

2d,  Timothy  Alden 

«    Elijah  Slack 

"    Mdse.  Sales g495.50 

do.  • 750.00 

do. 110.50 

do.  ^ 230.50 

do.   495.50 

do.  • 310.00 


3d, 

do. 

4th, 

do. 

5th, 

do. 

6th, 

do: 

7th, 

do. 

3d,  Bills  Receivable gl,000 

fjth,   do,         do.        500 


3d,  Interest  

"    John  L,  Talbot  in  full 

4th,  Matthew  A,  H,  Niles 

"      John  Easterbrook 

"      Oliver  L.  Leonard  in  full 

6th,  Samuel  W,  Wheeler 

7th,  Albert  Picket  in  full 

«    David  Dolph  


Sundries  Dr.  to  Cash, 

2d,  Thomas  Movlin  

"   Charles  B,  McKee  in  full 

"   Expense  

3d,      do.       

4th,     do.        

5th,     do.        


•1171.00 
••••5.50 
•10.50 
•  ••10.50 


Amount  carried  forward- 


ri53] 


425 
85 


2,392 


1,500 
17 

420 
100 
250 
375 
250 
89 
100 


500 

85 


97 


683  40 


50 
00 


00 


00 
50 
00 
00 
00 
50 
00 
90 
00 


00 
90 


50 


6,003 


40 


6,005  40 


PRACTICAL  FOKMS. 


Amount  broiiffht  forward- 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Cash. 

2d,  Merchandise c Si 6.00 

"  do.  25.50 

3d,  do.      275.00 

4th,  do.         150.00 

6th,  do.         ••••• 150.00 


2d,  Frederick  Prescott 

"  Cyrus  Davenport,  in  full- 
3d,  Bills  Payable 

«       do.      do.     

4th,    do.      do.      ••••• 


•^1,000 
•-•1,000 
500 


3d,  Interest §35.00 

6th,     do.      13.50 


3d, 

a 

4th, 
5th, 
6th, 


7th, 


John  C.  Colt 

Amos  M.  Bolton 

Aug's  Wattles,  in  full, 

Samuel  Leslie 

Garah  Markland 

John  W.  Hopkins,  in  full, 

John  Ranklin 

Abiel  Foster 

George  A.  Matthews,  in  full, 
Wm.  Nixon 


[164] 


683 


40 


616 

37 
475 


2,500 


48 

50 
25 

135 
50 
35 

895 

275 
55 

175 
75 


50 

00 
50 


00 


50 

00 
50 
50 
00 
50 
00 
00 
00 
50 
00 


6,005 


40 


6,132 


90 


PRACTICAL   FORMS. 


FURTHER   CONSIDERATIONS  AND   PLANS 


ON    THK 


METHOD    OF    KEEPING    BOOKS. 


The  illustrations  of  the  three  preceding  sets,  of  the  manner  of  keeping  booKS, 
is  quite  sufficient  for  most  mercantile  houses  to  be  governed  by,  in  order  to  form 
such  books,  or  method  of  arranging  their  affairs,  as  will  be  found  to  combine 
use,  beauty,  and  convenience  in  their  commercial  operations.  But  that  the  vol 
ume  may  not  want  variety,  and  the  learner  information,  when  he  has  studied  its 
parts,  I  subjoin  a  few  other  plans,  intended  in  most  cases  rather  to  amuse  than 
impart  valuable  information;  as  most  such  schemes  appear  much  more  plausible 
in  print,  than  they  are  found  to  be  useful  or  convenient  in  practice. 


No.  1. 
DAY  BOOK  AND  JOURNAL. 

PLAN   OF   UNITING  THEM  IN   ONE  BOOK. 

The  following  plan  of  making  your  Day-Book  entries  in  Journal  form,  will 
lie  found  to  save  the  trouble  of  keeping  a  Journal  separate.  In  a  similar  busi- 
ness, it  may  be  advisable  for  an  expert  accountant  to  adopt  it.  That  you  may 
plainly  see  all  the  advantages  that  may  be  derived  by  keeping  your  Day-Book 
in  this  manner,  where  the  business  seems  well  adapted  to  it,  I  have  taken  a  part 
of  the  month  of  June  from  part  1st.  of  this  work  (as  you  will  see  by  compari- 
son,) as -an  illustration. 


C  165  1 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 

New- Orleans^  June  1,  183'/. 


Molasses,  No.  1,  Dr.  to  Sundries. 

Merchants'  Bank-  -Check  FdidWm.  Gosling. 

For  100  hhds.   11,000  §s.  Molasses,  ©  27(f §2,970.00 

Cas/i---paid.Cartage,&c.- 28.50 


James  W.  Carr  Dr.,  at  3  months,  to  Molasses,  No.  1. 

For  50  hhds.,  5,500  gs.,  (a)  31  (t>. 
- . 6 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Sundries. 

Flour,  Co.  .^■•••4,000  bis.  (5)^5   §20,000.00 

To  Merchants' Bank    -Check  ])n\d 
A.  C.  Power  for  the  above. 
"    CasA'-paid  Cartage,  &c. 22.50 


Bills  Receivable  Dr.  to  Eliphas  B.  Hibhard 

For  his  Note  at  30  Days,  in  consideration  of  his  half  of  the 

above   joint    speculation. 1  am  to  have  2  per  cent.  com. 

for  doing  the  business. 

7    ■■ 


Merchatits'  Bank  Dr.  to  Loan  Account  

For  this  sum — deposited  ;  returned  by  Brown  &  Edwards. 
11 


Merchants'  Bank  Dr.  to  Sundries. 

Molasses,  No.    l---For  50  hhds.,  5,500  gs.  ©  30  (1? §1,650 

Flour,   Co.   ^••-•For  2,000  bis.  f5)  §5.25  10,500 


Sold  to  0.  H.  P.  Thomas  for  Cash — deposited. 
12   


Molasses,  No,  1,  Dr.  to  Profit  ^  Loss. 

For  gain  on  account 

14  


Merchants'  Bank  Dr.  to  Flour,  Co.  Ji. 

Sold  Edwin    Forrest,  for  Cash— deposited  2,000  bis.  Q)  §5.25 
16 


Flour,  Co.  Ji,  Dr.  to  Sundries. 

The  total  sales  amount  to  §21,000. 
Commission  -■■3.1  one  per  cent,  on  the  above §210.00 

Charges  posted--§20,022,50+§210=§22,232.50. 

Leaving  a  net  gain  of  §767.50. 

Profit  and  Loss  ■■■for  my  half  gain §383.75 

Eliphas  B.  Hibbard's  --do. 383.75 

§767.50 

C  186  ] 


2,998 
1,705 


20,022 
10,000 

3,000 


12,150 


356 


10,500 


977 


50 

00 


50 

00 

00 


00 


50 


00 


50 


PRACTICAL   FORMS. 


New-Orleans,   June  19,  1837. 


Eliphas  B.  Hibbard  Dr.  to  Sundries. 

Bilk  Receivable  •■•¥ ox  his  Note  of  the  6th  instant, 

delivered  up ^10,000.00 

Merchants'  Bank  ■Check  paid  balance  due  on  his 

account  • 383.75 


21 


Bills  Payable  Dr.  to  Merchants'  Bank. 

Check,  paid  my  Bond  to  the  Custom-house,  of  March  20,  for- 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Merchants'  Bank. 

Bills  Payable-  ■Check,  paid  my  Note  of  Feb.  21,  to 

Charles  A.  Miller,  for ••••^5,000 

Iiderest  ■■■■• lOO 


23 

Sugar,  Co.  R.  Dr.  to  Sundries. 

Joined  Wm.  May,  on  a  joint  purchase  of  200  hhds.  Sugar. 
He  is  to  do  the  business  without  commission,  and  divide 
the  gain  or  loss  equally:  viz.  200  hhds.  Sugar,  each  10 

cwt.=2,000  cwt.  ©  iSll  §22.000 

Paid  him  for  my  half  as  follows  : — 
Wm.  May-^To  balance  due  on  old  account  §110 

Merchants'  Bank- •Check  in  full  io,890 


10,383 


500 


5,100 


11,000 


75 


00 


00 


GO 


No.  2. 

In  establishments  which  unite,  in  connexion  with  heavy  operations,  a  retailing 
store,  they  sometimes  adopt  the  following  plan  of  Journalising,  in  order  to  save 
their  Leger  from  being  filled  up  with  small  sums,  which  otherwise  exhibits 
amounts  of  hundreds  and  thousands  of  dollars. 

Take  what  is  called  a  "Collecting  Sheet;"  write  upon  it  the  first  name  Debited 
with  Merchandise  (as  you  will  gather  from  your  books  of  original  entry)  and  put 

[   1G7  ] 


PRACTICAL   FORMS. 

the  amount  annexed  under  it ;  so  on  to  each  individual  successively.  When  a 
name  occurs  that  you  have  already  on  your  sheet,  place  the  amount  that  may  be 
annexed  to  it  under  the  amount  before  taken.  After  adding  up  the  sums  taken ;  you 
will  (hen  journalise  from  this  sheet.  In  the  same  manner  take  the  Debits  of  Mer- 
chandise; then  let  the  miscellaneous  entries  follow.  On  the  Journal  give  the  num- 
ber of  entries  that  it  took  to  make  the  aggregate  amount  which  is  annexed  to  each 
account. 


No.    3. 

The  following  described  plan  of  keepmg  a  Journal,will  showyour  daily,  weekly, 
or  monthly  gains,  or  for  any  length  of  time  you  choose  to  extend  it. 

Let  your  Journal  be  ruled  on  the  inner  and  outer  side  of  each  page  with  double 
columns  for  dollars  and  cents.  The  left  hand  of  which  is  always  to  be  used  as  Debit 
columns,  and  the  right  hand  as  Credit.  The  outer  column  on  each  side  is  always 
to  be  used  to  put  the  separate  amount  of  gains,  expense  and  loss  ;  as,  if  you  were 
to  take  up  your  note  of  S  1,000,  together  with  the  interest  on  said  note,  say  S70,  by 
paying  cash;  Cash  for  the  whole  amount,  §1,070  would  be  disposed  of  on  the  inner 
column  of  the  right  hand  side  of  the  page  ;  and  Bills  Payable  for  Sl,000  on  the 
inner  column  of  the  left  hand  side,  and  Interest  on  the  outer  column  of  the  left 
hand  side.  If  an  individual  was  to  take  up  his  note,  these  entries  would  become 
reversed  ;  and  the  Interest  being  a  gain  instead  of  an  expense,  would  fall  on 
the  outer  column  of  the  right  hand  side. 

This  plan  of  keeping  a  journal,  when  adopted, will  be  found  to  answer  best  in 
a  commission  house,  where  you  have  nothing  to  do  with  a  regular  merchandise 
account ;  as  in  a  regular  merchandising  house,  it  might  sometimes  be  difficult, or 
at  least  troublesome,to  ascertain  what  you  make  on  each  sale  ;  but  on  the  contra- 
f}-,  in  a  business  exclusively  commission,  as  your  main  profits  are  tlie  sums  allowed 
on  the  sale  of  goods,  which  may  be  easily  calculated  on  each  amount  of  goods 
disposed  of  It  will  also  be  found  to  answer  well  in  practice  in  a  business  of  regu- 
lar speculations. 

When  you  desire  to  ascertain  what  amount  you  may  have  made  in  business, 
add  up  the  two  outer  columns  of  the  Debit  and  Credit  sides,  and  by  the  amount 
that  the  Credit  side  exceeds  that  of  the  Debit,  so  much  you  have  gained  ;  and 
vice  versa. 

Proof. — Add  up  the  inner  columns,  and  the  difference  between  their  footmgs 
will  always  agree,  if  Journalised  correctly,  with  the  difference  of  the  footings  of 
the  outer  columns. 

Day-Book  entries  and  Leger  posts  are  made  as  usual. 

[  168  ] 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 
Boston^  January  3,    1837. 


Drs. 

Drs. 

1,000 

70 

00 

1,500 

500 

8,000 
1,120 

575 

1,000 

1,350 

8,750 
271 

48 

91 

1,000 

792 

1,200 
2,500 

192 

00 

310 

91 

1 

29560 

13 


Bills  Payable- 
Interest,  &c.  ■• 


Mors;an  Neville- 


10 


W.  &  R.  P.  Resor- 


25 


Sugar,  No.  5- 


Daniel  Drake- 


Truman  &  Snriith  • 


—  28 


Edwd^rd  Woodruff. 


Feb.  2. 


Layet  &  Ameluug- 


U.  S.  Bank- 


Sugar,  No.  5- 


Expense 


David  Griffin- 
—  10  - 


Ship  Henry  Clay- 


12 


Dr.  John  Hudson 

Bills  Payable 

Charares 


Total  Debits,    $29,560.1.3 
Total  Credits,      29,388.41 

Excess  of  Debits,      171.72 


W 


Cash 


U.  S.  Bank- 
Interest,  &c. 


Bills  Payable- 
Interest,  &c.  •- 


U.  S.  Bank- 


Ship't  to  Charleston 
Commission 


U.  P.  James'  Sales 
Commission 


Cash  

Interest,  &c. 


Merchandise,  Co.  E 
Commission 


Sugar,  No.  6- 


Profit  &  Loss- 


Cash 


Bills  Payable - 


Hawk  &  Barrett- - 
Adams  &  Shaw-- 

J.  &  J.  Slevin 

Cha'sD.  Bradford - 
Commission 


U.  S.  Bank- 


Total  Gain,  $482.63 

Total  Expense,       310.91 


Net  Gain, 


171.72 


169] 


Crs. 

1,070 

1,465 

482 

8,000 
1,095 

560 

970 

1,300 

8,750 

48 

1,000 

150 

300 

225 

SO 

3,S92 


Crs. 


29,388 


00 

50 

00 

00 
00 

00 

00 

I 
00 

00 

91 

00 

00 
00 
00 
00 

00 


50 


00 


25 


15 


50 


00 


^0 


50 


271 


50 


38 


37 


75 


41 


482 


QZ 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 


No.   4. 


The  following  plan  of  keeping  a  Journal  will  be  found  to  save  numerous  posts 
to  the  Leger  account  of  Merchandise  and  Cash. 

Let  your  Journal  be  ruled  with  three  columns  for  Dollars  and  cents  on  both  the 
m'ner  and  outer  margin  of  each  page.  The  right  hand  columns  are  always  to  be 
used  for  Credits,and  the  left  hand  columns  for  Debits.  One  of  these  columns  on 
each  side  must  be  appropriated  to  Merchandise  ;  and  one  on  each  side  to  Cash  ;  and 
the  other  two  remaining  columns  to  Sundry  accounts.  All  the  debits  of  Mer- 
chandise must  be  put  into  the  debit  column  appropriated  to  its  use  ;  and  the  credits 
of  Merchandise  likewise  to  the  credit  column.  In  the  same  manner  you  will  dis- 
pose of  Cash.  The  remaining  accounts  affected,  will  be  for  their  respective  sums, 
carried  mto  tue  column  for  the  debit  and  credit  of  Sundries.  At  the  close  of  every 
day,  week,  or  month,  you  will  add  up  these  columns  and  post  to  the  Debit  of  Mer- 
chandise account  the  total  amount  of  goods  purchased  for  the  time  taken,  and  like- 
wise to  the  Credit  side  the  total  amount  of  goods  sold  ;  and  in  the  same  manner 
you  will  dispose  of  Cash  for  the  money  received  and  paid  out.  The  other  ac- 
coimts  affected,  and  which  are  disposed  of  in  the  column  for  Sundries,  will  have 
a  regular  post  for  their  respective  sums. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  say,  that  the  amounts  of  the  Debit  and  Credit  columns  being 
collected,  will  in  their  aggregate  be  one  equal  with  the  other,  if  correctly  journal- 
ised. 

In  this  method  of  Journalising,  you  never  depart  from  the  great  principle  on 
which  the  science  is  formed,  that  is,"  every  Debit  in  amount  must  have  a  Credit," 
and  "  vice  versa."  Consequently,  any  sum  you  may  carry  into  any  one  or  more 
of  the  debit  columns,  must,  in  an  aggi-egate  amount  or  amounts,  be  formed  in  some 
one  or  more  of  the  credit  columns,  and  vice  versa 


r  no-] 


1     Drs. 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 

New- York ^  January  1,  1837. 


Crs. 


Sundries. 


50 

1 .500 

500 

975 

1,700 

28 

325 

2,000 
1,500 
2,140 

56 
550 


1,325 


05 


Mdse, 


770 


310 


635 


00 


00 


Cash. 
275 


1,715 


00 


00 


275 

1,715 

11,325 

18,315 


00, 


Cash  Dr.  to  Merchandise- 
5 


Daniel  Ames  Dr.  to  Merchandise- 


Mdsc.  Dr.  to  J.  N.  McDowell 
6 


Bills  Receivable  Dr.  to  Sundries. 

Merchandise 

Isaac  Reynolds 

9  


U.  S.  Bank  Dr.  to  Cash- 


Paxton  &  Keys  Dr.  to  Mdse. 
12   


Shipm't  to  Vicksburg  Dr.  to  Sundr'i 

Merchandise 

Cash 

Henry  Crane 

18 


Dr.  Erastus  E.  Marcy  Dr.  to  Mdse. 


Merchandise  Dr.  to  Wm.  Meguier- 
25   


Nathan  G.  Burgess  Dr.  to  Mdse.- 


Bills  Payable  Dr.  to  U.  S.  Bank  ■ 
26   


Bills  Rec'able  Dr.  to  Dudley  Selden 

28   


Bills  Payable  Dr.  to  Sundries. 
U.  S.  Bank 

Interest,  &c. 

30    


Expense  Dr.  to  Cash  ■ 


James  A.  James  Dr.  to  Mdse. 


Mdse,  Dr.  to  Jonah  Martin- 
Totals 


Cash 

Merchandise  • 
Sundries 


Proof 


Cash. 


500 


300 


56 


856 
4,304 
8,155 

13,316 


00 


00 


00 


Mdse. 
275  00 

50,55 


Sundries. 


950 


975 


00 


00 


1,150'00 


28 


50 


325  00 


550 


4,304 


00 


05 


770 


550 


00 


00 


250 


310 


2,000 
1,500 


2,000 
140 


635 


8,155 


00 


00 


00 


00 


[171  1 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 


No.  5. 


The  plan  of  appropriating  columns  upon  the  Journal  for  the  principal  accounts 
which  your  business  calls  into  the  most  common  use,  may  be  carried  to  any 
extent  you  please.  You  might  add  to  the  plans  given  in  nos.  3  &  4,  columns  for 
Bills  Payable,  Bills  Receivable,  Interest,  &c.  Expense,  etc.  etc.  All  of  which 
may  be  so  diversified  as  to  have  a  very  pretty  appearance  in  an  illustration,  so 
is  to  give  a  favorable  impression  to  the  casual  observer. 


DIFFERENT  PLANS  FOR  KEEPING  THE  LEGER 

There  are  different  plans  for  keeping  a  Leger  from  that  laid  down  in  part  first 
of  this  work.  Old  fashioned  accountants  even  now  make  use  of  the  words  To  and 
By;  always  Debiting  an  account  to  another  account  or  sundries  ,  and  Crediting  by 
an  account  or  sundries.  Others  omit  writing  the  account  which  forms  the  bal- 
ance for  each  sum  throughout  their  Leger,  retaining  nothing  but  the  dates  and 
amoimts.  This  plan  gives  the  Leger  a  very  clean  and  beautiful  appearance,  ancT 
may  answer  well  with  extensive  dealers  and  commission  merchants.  Some  omii 
these  balances  in  their  Representative  accounts,  and  retain  them  in  their  Personal 
accounts,  etc. — Others  keep  nothing  but  a  Leger,  and  enter  each  article  sold  directly 
upon  it.  I  have  found  this  latter  plan  answer  well  at  a  manufacturing  establishment, 
to  confine  those  accounts  of  the  hands  who  were  daily  purchasing  frivolous 
amounts.  By  this  plan  we  always  had  on  hand  a  bill  in  detail  of  all  articles  they 
had  purchased.  You  will  find  it  to  answer  well  under  similar  circumstances 
Once  a  month  the  to-tal  amounts  of  this  Petit  Leger  were  Journalised  and  carried 
to  the  "  Great  Book."  I  give  the  following  as  examples ;  and  will  now  leave 
your  mind  for  its  own  action — give  it  scope. 


[172] 


PRACTICAL  FORMS. 


Dr. 


Robert  Oliver, 


Cr. 


Jan. 

1 

tt 

5 

■u 

20 

a 

26 

Feb. 

7 

(( 

19 

" 

26 

<( 

28 

Mar. 

1 

« 

" 

Mar. 

6 

To  Merchandise 

do. 
"  Charles  Smith  -  ■ 
"  Merchandise   --■ 

"  do.         

"  Merchants' Bank 
"  Bills  Payable  -— 
"  Merchandise   --■ 

do. 

do. 


To  Balance  — 


8 

20 

29 

61 

85 

91 

101 

110 

115 

116 


122 


300  CO 

50  00 

10  00 

211  50 


11 
200 
150 
50 
65 
75 


1,123 


473 


00 


1837 
Jan. 


Feb. 
Mar. 


By  Cash 

do. 

do.  -— - -- 

do. 

Martin  H.  Crane 

William  E.  Montague 
Balance 


00 


JDr. 


Willaim  Watson. 


Cr. 


1837 

1 

— 

|1837 

— 

Jan. 

1 

y 

ll' 

500 

00 

jJan. 

21 

^ 

50 

850 

00 

ii 

5 

y/ 

21 

50 

UU 

Feb. 

15 

y^ 

92 

250 

50 

« 

20 

X 

22 

75 

50 

" 

25 

^^ 

" 

150 

00 

« 

28 

/ 

45 

92 

00 

Mar. 

9 

y^ 

95 

500 

00 

Feb. 

8 

/ 

81 

10 

00 

" 

2fi 

^y"^ 

100 

750 

00 

" 

22 

/ 

86 

250 

00 

Apr. 

1 

y^ 

115 

600 

00 

« 

28 

/ 

92 

35 

50 

— 

— 

—                    y 

Mar. 

10 
12 

/ 

97 
99 

10 
50 

50 
00 

X 

« 

28 

x 

105 

100 

00 

y^ 

« 

30 

/ 

110 

150 

00 

/^ 

Apr. 

1 

To  Balance 

1,777 

00 

= 

- 

_/ 

3,100 

50 

3,100 

.50 

By  Balance 

1,777 

00 

Dr. 


John  Hickman, 


Cr. 


1837 

Jan. 

1 

" 

2 

« 

5 

» 

8 

<( 

10 

« 

15 

i< 

17 

« 

20 

<f 

25 

« 

28 

<f 

30 

Feb. 

1 

To  1  Bible-- -- 

"  30   yds.   blue    Broad    Cloth 
f5)$5 

«  10  yds.  Silk,  ©SI —  - 

"  TOO  lbs.  Supar,  Q  10  Cj? 

«     85   «    Coffee,  (^  15  q?  — 

«     10   «    Tea,f5)$l 

«  3,000  lbs.  Tobacco,  ©  15  (J 
«  1,000  gs.  Molasses,  ©  50  ^ 

"  50  gs.  Madeira,  (q)  §2 

"   100  lbs.  butter,  ©  12  (J? 

«  60  vols.  Family  Library 

"  Burlamaqui's  N.  &  P.  Law 


1837 
Jan 


449  75 

[  173] 


By  James  F.  Conover- 

"  Cash 

«     do. 

"    do. 

"  Balance 


FORMS  OF  BILLS,  NOTES,  &c. 

FORM  OF  RECEIPTS. 
See  Receipt  Book,  page  97. 

FORMS  OF  DUE-BILLS. 

$300  Lexington,  May  7,  1838. 

Due  on  demand  to  Charles  Sigourney,  or  to  his  order,  Three  Hundred  Dollars, 
in  Cotton  Baffffing,  at  the  market  value,  from  Western  Man'g  Co.,  value  received 

RICHARD  E.  HALSEY,  Agent. 

$100  Wheeling,  May  10,  1838. 

Due  to  George  W.  Kendall,  or  to  his  order,  on  the  first  of  July  next,  at  my 
store,  Twentv-Five  Dollars  in  Cash,  and  Seventy-Five  Dollars  in  Merchandise 
value  received.  HENRY  LOOMIS. 

Due,  Portsmouth,  June  12,  1838,  to  J.  J.  Moore,  or  order,  Twenty  Dollars 
in  Goods  from  my  store,  value  received.  WM.  H.  APPLETON 

$20 


$500 

Due,  on  demand,  to  Messrs.  Wadams  &  Brush  Five  Hundred  Dollars,  with 
interest.     Buffalo,  July  4,  1838.  RIX  &  RICH. 

Note Interest  is  not  admissible  on  a  Due-bill  unless  specified. 


FORMS  OF  ORDERS. 

Mr.  George  Andrews  will  please  pay  to  Ralph  Pepoon  or  bearer,  Twenty 
Dollars,  in  Merchandise,  on  my  account.  ,  SAMUEL  WEBSTER. 

Albany,  March  5,  1839. 

Washington,  December  1,  1838. 
Mr.  Oliver  Flash, 

Sir :  Deliver  to  James  W.  King,  Esq.,  or  to  his  order,  my  dapple-gray  stud, 
Clink-foot,  and  oblige. 

Yours,  «fec.,  JOHN  RANDOLPH. 


Messrs.  F.  H.  &  M.  Pepoon,  New  Haven,  September  10,  1838. 

Gents : 

You  will  oblige  by  delivering  to  the  bearer,  Mr.  Charles  Smith, 
^e  twenty  bags  of  Coffee,  subject  to  our  order,  on  his  paying  freight  and  charges. 

Your  obed't  serv'ts, 

J.  D.  MORRISON  &  CO. 
[174] 


FORMS  OF  BILLS,  NOTES,  &c. 

FORMS  OF  PROMISSORY  NOTES. 

$100  Charleston,  January  1,  1838. 

On  demand,  I  promise  to  pay  Thomas  D.  Byan,  One  Hundred  Dollars,  with 
interest,  value  received,  NATHAN  P.  HOSACK. 

$1,000  Augusta,  January  10,  1838. 

Sixty  days  from  date,  I  promise  to  pay  Edward  S.  Innes,  at  the  Planters  Bank, 
One  Thousand  Dollars,  value  received.  E.  W.  VAN  VOORHIS. 


$1,700  Savannah,  February  2,  1839. 

Six  months  from  date,  we  jointly  and  severally  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of 
Messrs.  Engler  &  Foley,  Seventeen  Hundred  Dollars,  with  interest,  value  received 

FRED.  L.  HENOP. 

ISAAC  LOHMAN. 


$100  Farmington,  May  5,  1838. 

Three  months  from  date,  I  promise  to  pay  to  George  Merchant,  or  order,  ai 
Rochester,  One  Hundred  Dollars  in  Wheat,  at  the  market  value,  when  due,  for 
value  received,  EDWARD  FARMER. 

Notes. — 1st.  If  a  particular  place  is  mentioned  in  a  Bill,  where  it  is  to  be  paid,  the  maker  is  not  obliged  to 
pay  it  at  any  other  place  until  a  demand  has  been  made  at  or  from  the  place  specified.  Consequently,  notes 
made  payable  at  a  particular  bank,  must  always  be  deposited  in  said  bank  for  collection. 

2d.  It  18  now  generally  conceded,  that  on  notes  and  similar  instruments,  promising  to  pay  a  certain  sum, 
that  interest  cannot  be  demanded,  unless  particularized  therein.  But  in  all  cases  where  the  obligor  fails  to 
make  good  his  note  or  other  instrument  of  writing  to  the  obligee  when  due,  then  from  the  date  of  said  instni- 
ment  felling  due,  is  the  drawer  thereof  bound  to  pay  legal  interest,  and  sometimes  even  damages. 

3d.  When  calculating  the  date  on  which  a  bill  falls  due,  the  day  on  which  it  is  dated  should  not  be  included. 

4th.  Thirty  days  in  commercial  calculations,  is,  usually,  considered  as  a  month,  for  any  time  short  of  one 
year.  But  then  in  making  or  receiving  large  payments  which  have  to  run  for  some  six,  eight,  or  nine  months, 
It  were  better,  perhaps,  to  dispute  the  fallacy  of  this  rule,  than  yield  the  difference  in  change. 

5th.  Three  days  grace  is  now  almost  invariably  allowed  on  all  Bills  before  payment.  This  practice  is  of 
quite  an  illegitimate  origin,  and  is  now  most  generally  persisted  in  by  the  obligor^  and  yielded  to  by  men  of 
gentle  disposition  and  good  heart.  Bank  estabhshments,  however,  always  acting  upon  the  principle  of  "^br 
nalue  received"  in  msSdng  their  commercial  discounts,  never  fail  to  include  the  interest  for  this  three  days 
grace. 


FORMS  OF  DRAFTS. 

$600  Pittsburg,  January  20,  1839. 

Three  days  after  sight,  pay  to  John  Radcliff  or  order.  Six  Hundred  Dollars, 
value  received,  and  charge  the  same  to  account.  JAMES  NEILSON. 

To  John  Hickman,  Esq.,  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

$800  Richmond,  January  25,  1838. 

Sixty  days  from  date,  pay  to  the  order  of  Sam'l  Lord,  Eight  Hundred  Dollars, 
value  received,  and  charge  the  same  to  account.  GEO.  W.  TAYLOR. 

To  Mr.  Charles  Sigourney,  Hartford,  Conn. 

$1,000  Norfolk,  January  30,  1839. 

At  ten  days  sight,  pay  to  Messrs.  Lewis  and  Allendorph,  at  the  U.  S.  Bank, 
One  Thousand  Dollars,  value  received,  and  place  the  same  to  the  account  of  Nicho- 
las Biddle,  Esq.,  as  per  advice.  JAMES  MARVIN E 
To  Messrs.  L.  M.  Hoffman  &  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

r  175] 


FORMS  OF  BILLS,  NOTES,  &c. 

Notes. — 1st.  Most  drafts  are  drawn  at  three  or  more  days'  sight.  In  which  case  they  are  to  be  presented 
to  the  drawee,  who,  if  he  intends  to  pay,  will  write  across  the  face  of  it,  "accepted,"  giving  the  date  of  the 
transaction,  and  affixing  his  signature;  as  this:  "Accepted,  March  2,  1833,  John  Doe."  When  drafts  are 
drawn  to  be  paid  at  a  specified  number  of  days  from  date,  then  the  drawee,  when  said  draft  is  presented  to 
him  for  acceptance,  writes  the  word  "  accepted,"  and  aflBxes  his  signature  without  naming  the  time  of  this 
transaction.  Drafts  drawn  at  sight  are  usually  paid  at  the  time  they  are  presented.  But  if  the  sum  be  large, 
they  are  acci-pted,  and  paid  witlim  the  three  days'  grace. 

2d.  Drafts  drawn,  payable  at  a  particular  bank,  must  be  deposited  in  said  bank  for  collection. 

3d.  The  damages  on  drafts  returned  unpaid  or  protested,  is  usually  from  five  to  ten  per  cent. 

4th.  Drafts  are  usually  drawn  for  home  accommodations,  and  there  are  no  duplicates  as  with  Bills  of 
Exchange. 

5th.  When  a  Draft  has  been  accepted,  it  is  to  all  intent  and  purpose  the  same  as  a  Promissory  Note.  And 
can  then  with  safety  be  passed  from  hand  to  hand. 


BILL  OF  EXCHANGE. 

Exch.  £500  New  York,  January  21,  1838. 

At  ten  days  sight  pay  to  the  order  of  Messrs.  Hill,  Bates  &  Co.,  in  London, 
Five  Hundred  Pounds  sterling,  value  received,  and  place  the  same  to  our  account, 
as  per  advice.  COWLES,  BROTHER  &  CO. 

To  Mr.  Oliver  Drake,  London. 


SET  OF  EXCHANGE. 

Exch.  £1,000.  New  York,  January  10,  1838. 

Ten  days  after  sight  of  this  First  of  Exchange,  second  and  third  unpaid,  pay 
to  John  Howard  Payne,  or  order,  in  London,  One  Thousand  Pounds  sterling, 
value  received,  and  charge  the  same  to  account.  J.  C.  COLT. 

To  Messrs.  Robinson  &  Franklin, 

Bankers,  London.  No.  162 


Exch.  £1,000  New  York,  January  10,  1838. 

Ten  days  after  sight  of  this  Second  of  Exchange,  first  and  third  unpaid,  pay 
to  John  Howard  Payne,  or  order,  in  London,  One  Thousand  Pounds  sterling, 
value  received,  and  charge  the  same  to  account,  J.  C.  COLT. 

To  Messrs.  Robinson  &  Franklin, 

Bankers,  London.  No.  162. 


Exch.  £1,000  New  York,  January  10,  1838. 

Ten  days  after  sight  of  this  Third  of  Exchange,  first  and  second  unpaid,  pay 
to  John  Howard  Payne,  or  order,  in  London,  One  Thousand  Pounds  sterling,  value 
received,  and  charge  the  same  to  account.  J.  C.  COLT. 

To  Messrs.  Robinson  &  Franklin, 

Banker  By  London.  No.  162 

Note. — 1st.  The  phraseology  of  a  "  Bill  of  Exchange,"  and  that  of  a  Draft,  may  be  the  same  or  nearly  so. 
But  in  speaking  of  a  Draft  it  is  generally  understood  that  we  have  reference  to  a  Bill  that  is  payable  in  sorne 
part  of  the  country  where  it  is  drawn.  By  "  Bill  of  Exchange"  is  more  particularly  understood  as  a  Bill 
drawn  payable  in  a  foreign  country. 

2d.  Of  this  class  of  Bills  which  are  in  great  use  for  foreign  remittances,  there  is  usually  two  or  more  given 
of  the  same  tenor  and  date,  excepting  this  part  of  the  phraseology,  (note  the  above  example,)  viz :  "  Second 
and  third  unpaid,"  "first  and  third  unpaid,"  &c.  The  object  of  this  is  to  make  more  certain  of  the  due 
receipt  of  the  amount  desired  to  be  remitted.  These  Bills  are  forwarded  by  different  conveyances.  They  are 
called  a  "  Set  of  Exchange." 

3d.  Most  foreign  Bills  are  now  drawn  through  bankers,  and  you  receive  on  purchase,  without  specifying 
the  duplicates,  a  "  Set  of  Exchange."  These  are  usually  in  common  language,  spoken  of  as  "  Bills  of  Ex- 
change," without  regard  to  the  nice  distinction  between  a  single  Bill  of  Exchange  or  foreign  Draft,  and 
several  of  the  same  purport,  properly  distinguished  as  a  "  Set  of  Exchange." 

r  176 1 


COMMERCIAL   CALCULATIONS. 

PRELIMINARY  REMARKS. 

Our  object  in  giving  the  following  mathematical  calculations,  is  not  intended 
so  much  for  the  purpose  of  instructing  a  new  beginner  in  the  practical  business 
rules,  as  to  refresh  the  memory  of  the  adult  scholar  in  those  commercial  adjust- 
ments in  which  he  is  liable  to  become  rusty,  simply  from  the  want  of  daily  practice. 
And  owing  to  our  limits,  we  are  obliged  to  restrict  ourselves  to  a  much  less  num- 
ber of  illustrations  than  we  should  be  otherv^^ise  glad  of  showing.  In  case  you  do 
not  obtain  the  information  desired  among  the  examples  introduced,  go  back  to  your 
school  books  upon  this  branch.  And  I  can  assure  you,  at  least,  that  you  will  be 
gratified  to  see  the  vast  improvement  of  those  now  in  use,  over  the  book  we  used 
to  decipher,  when  our  worthy  Professors  spared  not  the  rod. 

INTEREST— GENERAL  RULE. 

State  the  per  cent,  interest  as  the  decimal  of  one  hundred,  and  multiply  the 
principal  by  it.     The  product  will  be  the  answer. 

r  125 

What  is  the  interest  of  $125  for  one  !  .07 

year,  at  7  per  cent.  ?  j        

I       $8.75 

r      164  40 
What  is  the  interest  of  $164  40  for  one  year,  J  .06 

at  6  per  cent.  ?  j  

I.  $9.86.4.0 
Ans      Nine  dollars,  eighty-six  cents  and  four  mills. 

Note. — In  multiplying  for  interest,  dollars  produce  dollars  and  cents;  and  cents  produce  mills. 

There  are  several  ways,  you  wall  recollect,  in  your  mathematical  books,  of 
finding  interest  on  a  given  sum,  for  any  time  less  than  one  year,  where  the  premium 
is  rated  at  6  per  cent.  But  those  rules  will  not  so  readily  apply  to  7  per  cent. 
Most  generally,  7  per  cent,  is  now  taken  on  bills  and  accounts,  excepting  at  banking 
institutions  ;  although  six  per  cent,  by  the  laws  of  Congress,  is  the  rate  fixed  as  legal 
interest.  The  following  illustration  of  obtaining  interest  for  months  and  days,  is 
as  short  a  general  way  as  can  be  pursued,  that  is  equally  applicable  to  any  rate  per 
cent,  of  interest. 

What  is  the  interest  of  $256  from  July  25,  1837,  to  January  10,  1839,  at  7 
per  cent. 

256 
Year.        Mo.        D.  .07 


1839  0  10 

1837  6  25  i 


1 7.92         Interest  for  one  year. 
5.97,33         "  4     months, 

i     -T-        1.49,33         "  1     month. 


Time     1  5  15  ^     H-  49,77         "  10     days. 

24,88         "  5    days 

$26.13,31     Ans. 
Answer.  Twenty-six  dollars,  thirteen  cents  and  three  mills. 
X  [  177  ] 


COMMERCIAL  CALCULATIONS. 

Interest^  £fc. 
Note. — If  you  have  much  interest  to  calculate,  you  will  find  by  using  pre- 
pared Interest  tables,  that  you  will  be  greatly  relieved  from  unnecessary  labour. 
There  are  several  excellent  ones  in  use, 

II.  To  find  the  rate  per  cent,  when  the  principal,  interest,  and  time  are  given. 
Rule. — Obtain  the  interest  on  the  whole  amount  at  1  per  cent,  for  the  time 
given,  and  divide  the  interest  given  by  the  interest  obtained;  the  quotient  will  be 
the  rate  per  cent,  required. 

1.  At  what  rate  per  cent,  must  $250  be  put  on  interest  to  gain  $75  in  5  years  "^ 
250  12.50)75.00(6  per  cent.  Ans. 

01  75.00 


2.50 

5  Time 


12.50  Int.  of  1  per  cent. 
2.  A.  is  worth  $20,000,  his  outlays  are  $1,300  a  year.     At  what  per  cent, 
must  he  loan  his  capital  to  have  an  income  that  shall  meet  his  expenses  and  no 
more? 

20.000 

.01  200)1300 


200.00  6^  per  cent.    Ans. 

1  Time 


200.00 
III.  To  find  the  time  when  the  principal,  iriterest,  and  rate  per  cent,  are  given. 
Rule. —  Obtain  the  interest  of  the  principal  for  one  year,  and  divide  the  given 
interest  by  the  interest  obtained  ;  the  quotient  will  be  the  time  sought. 

How  long  must  $375  be  on  interest  at  8  per  cent,  to  amount  to  $420 1 
375  420 

8  375 


30.00  Int.  for  one  year.     30)    45  Given  interest. 

1^  Years  or  18  mo.    Ans. 
IV.  To  find  the  principal,  when  the  time,  interest,  and  rate  per  cent,  are  given. 
Rule. —  Obtain  the  interest  of  $1  for  the  given  rate  and  time,  and  divide  the 
given  interest  by  the  interest  obtained  ;  the  quotient  will  be  the  principal. 

What  principal  at  7  per  cent,  will  produce  in  two  years  and  six  months  $87.50 
interest? 

1.00 

7  17.50)87.50.00($500.    Ans.  . 
87.50 


7.00  

2i  Time  00 

14.00 
3.50 

17.50  Int.  of  $  lis  17i  cts. 

[178] 


COMMERCIAL  CALCULATIONS. 

Interest^  fyc. 

"V.  To  ascertain  what  is  gained  or  lost  per  cent,  on  merchandise  bought  and 
sold. 

Rule. — First  see  what  the  gain  or  loss  is  on  any  quantity  by  subtraction. 
Then  as  the  price  it  cost,  is  to  the  gain  or  loss,  so  is  $1.00  to  the  gain  or  loss  'per 
cent. 

1.  If  I  buy  sugar  at  7  cts.  per  lb.  and  sell  it  for  9  cts.  per  lb.  what  do  I  gain 
per  cent.  ? 

9  7  :  2    :  :     100 

7  100 


2  Gain  per  lb.  7)200 

28y  per  cent.    Ans. 
2.  If  I  buy  cotton  cloth  at  10  cts.  per  yard,  and  sell  it  at  9  cts.  per  yard,  what 
do  I  lose  per  cent.  ? 

10  Cost.  10  :  1    :  :     100 

9  Sold  for.  100 


1  Lost  per  yard.  10)  100 

10  per  cent.     Ans. 

VI.  To  ascertain  at  what  price  merchandise  must  be  sold,  to  gain  or  lose  a 
stipulated  per  cent. 

1.  To  make  a  stipulated  per  cent. 

Rule. — Add  the  per  cent,  to  he  gained  to  $1.00,  and  multiply  it  into  the  cost 
price;  the  product  will  be  the  answer. 

If  I  buy  broadcloth  at  $3.75  per  yard  and  wish  to  make  28  per  cent.,  what 
must  be  the  selling  price  ? 

Cost  price,        ...»        3.75 

Per  cent,  to  be  gained,  added  to  $1.00  -         1.28 

30.00 
7.50 
3.75 


4.80.00  Ans.  $4..80 


2.  To  lose  a  stipulated  per  cent. 


Rule. — Subtract  the  per  cent,  you  would  lose  from  $1.00  and  multiply 
the  buying  price  into  the  remainder ;  the  product  will  he  the  answer. 

If  I  buy  coffee  at  12^  cents  per  lb.,  how  much  must  I  sell  it  for  to  lose  4  per 
cent? 

100 — 4)  =  96  Per  cent,  to  be  lost  subtracted  from  100. 
125  Buying  price. 

11.52 
48 

12.00    Ans.  12  cts. 

[  179] 


COMMERCIAL  CALCULATIONS. 

BANK  DISCOUNT  OR  INTEREST. 

Money  is  usually  obtained  from  banks  on  endorsed  notes,  drawn  at  30,  60  or 
90  days.  These  institutions  always  include  the  interest  on  the  Note  for  three  days 
more  time  than  is  specified.  These  three  days  are  understood  as  days  of  grace- 
They  also  deduct  the  interest,  at  the  time  of  making  the  advance  on  the  note. 
The  rule  for  computing  the  discount  is  the  same  as  in  simple  interest. 
What  is  the  Bank  discount  or  interest  on  a  Note  for  $500,  at  6  per  cent,  for 
30,  60  and  90  days  ? 

500  500 

6  6 


12)  30.00  Int.  for  one  year. 


*i^o)  2.50  Int.  for  30  days. 
25     "     3  days  grace. 


6)  30.00  Int.  for  one  year. 

Jo)  5.00  Int.  for  60  days. 
25     "    3  days  grace. 


$2.75  Dis.  on  $500  for  33  days.  $5.25  Dis.  on  $500  for  63  days. 
500  Cash  rec'd  on  a  Note  of  $500  for  30  dys.  500—2.75=497.25 
6  Do.  do.  do.         for  60  dys.  500— 5.25=494.75 
Do.           do.          do.         for  90  dys.  500— 7.75=4'3t:.25 


4)30.00  Int.  for  one  year. 

^)  7.50  Int.  for  90  days. 
25     "     3  days  grace. 

$7.75  Discount  on  $500  for  93  days. 
*  3  days  grace  on  a  note  of  30  days,  is   i   of  the  interest  on  said  note. 


60  days,  is 


20 

90  days,  is^^^of 

4  mo.,    is  '^Q  of 

5  mo.,   is  iQ  of 

6  mo.,   is  To  of 


"       and  so  on. 


BROKERAGE  OR  COMMISSION. 

Brokerage  or  Commission  is  a  compensation  allowed  to  brokers,  fiactors,  and 
other  agents,  for  their  services,  in  buying  or  selling  stocks,  merchandise,  etc. 
The  rule  for  obtaining  the  per  cent,  is  the  same  as  in  simple  interest. 
1.  My  agent  in  Cincinnati  purchases  $20,000  worth  of  Pork;  what  is  his 
commission  at  3^  per  cent.  ? 

20,000 
3* 


600.00 
100.00 


$700.00    Ans. 
2.  A.  sells  for  B.  50  shares  Farmers  and  Mechanics  bank  stock,  at  115  per 
share ;  what  is  A's  brokerage  at  ^  per  cent.  ? 

C  180  ] 


COMMERCIAL  CALCULATIONS. 

Interest^  Sfc. 

115 

50 

^)5750 
28.75    Ans. 


INSURANCE  AND  POLICIES. 

Insurance  is  a  security,  by  paying  a  certain  per  cent,  to  be  indemnified  against 
such  loses  as  are  specified  in  the  policy. 

Policy  is  the  name  of  the  instrument  by  which  the  contract  or  indemnity  is 
efiected  between  the  parties. 

The  rule  for  obtaining  the  premium  is  the  same  as  in  interest  and  discount. 

1.  What  is  the  premium  for  insuring  $7,560,  at  2^  per  cent.  ? 

7,560 


151.20 
37.80 


$189.00    Ans. 
2.  To  what  amount  must  a  policy  be  taken  out  for,  to  cover  $4,600,  when  the 
premium  is  8  per  cent.  ? 

4,600 
100 


92)4,600.00(5.000    Ans. 
460 


000 

Note. — As  8  per  cent  is  already  taken  out,  it  is  evident  that  the  sum  covered  must  be  iVo  "f  ^^^  policy. 

3.  If  a  policy  be  taken  out  for  $8,000,  at  10  per  cent. ;  what  is  the  amount 
covered  ? 

2d  Example. 
8,000  1st  Example.  8,000 

10  8,000  90 

800  

800.00  100)7,200.00 

7,200  Ans. 


7,200 
Note. — ^It  is  evident  if  10  per  cent,  be  taken  from  any  sum  that  90  per  Cent,  will  be  left. 


EQUATION  OF  DIVIDENDS. 

Rule. — To  find  each  partner's  share  of  the  gain  or  loss,  multiply  the  whole 
gain  or  loss  hy  each  one's  investment,  and  divide  each  product  by  the  whole  capital 
in  trade.     The  quotients  will  he  the  gain  or  loss  required. 

I  181] 


COMMERCIAL  CALCULATIONS. 

1.  A.  B.C.  and  D.  purchase  a  quantity  of  Flour  for  $5,000  and  agree  to 
share  the  gain  or  loss  proportionable  per  cent,  on  each  one's  original  investment. 
A  put  in  $1,000,  B,  $800,  C.  $1,900  and  D.  $1,300.  The  Flour  sells  for  only 
S4,500.     What  is  each  partner's  loss  ? 

$5,000  500      Total  loss. 

4,500  1,000  A's  investment. 


500  Total  loss.        5,000)500,000 

100  A's  loss. 
500      Total  loss.  500     Total  loss. 

800    B's  investment.  1,900  C's  mvestment 


5,000)400,000  5,000)950,000 

80         B's  loss.  190        C's  loss 


500       Total  loss. 
1,300  D's  investment,      p      o 


5,000)650,000 


100  A's. 

80  B's. 

190  C's. 

130  D's. 


130       D's  loss.  $500 

2.  O.  P.  and  Q.  ship  Ice,  costing  $6,000  from  Portland  to  New  Orleans. 
Of  this  sum  0.  paid  $1,200,  P.  $1,800  and  Q.  $3,000.  The  return  sales  show  a 
gain  of  $2,800 ;  what  has  each  partner  made  1 

2,800     Total  gain.  2800     Total  gain. 

1.200  O's  investment.  3000  Q's  investment 


6,000)3,3600,000  6,000)8,400,000 

560     O's  gain.  1,400  Q's  gam. 

2,800     Total  gain.  O.  $560~| 

1,800  P's  investment.  P.      840 


6,000)5,040,000 


Q.  1,400  ^Proof. 


840  Fs  gain. 


2,800 


EQUATION  OF  PAYMENTS. 

Note.— The  object  of  a  rule  or  rules  for  equation  of  payments,  is  to  show  at  what  time  several  suma 
due  at  different  dates,  will  come  to  maturity  if  averaged. 

Example  L 

Rule. — Multiply  each  payment  by  its  time,  and  divide  the  sum  of  the  several 
products  hy  the  whole  debt,  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  equated  or  averaged  time 
of  payment. 

*  Note. — In  this  case  we  suppose  all  the  goods  to  have  been  purchased  on  the  same  day.    For  the  pay- 
ment of  a  debt  at  equated  time,  which  has  accrued  at  different  dates.     See  example  2d. 

A  owes  B  $500,  which  is  due  as  follows — $100  in  one  month ;  $150  in  three 
months;  and  $180  in  five  months;  and  $70  in  six  months.  A.  wishes  for  B's 
accommodation,  to  give  him  his  (A's)  note.  At  what  time  is  the  note  to  be  made 
payable  ? 

E  182  1 


COMMERCIAL  CALCULATIONS. 

100x1  =  100  50.0)187.0(3.22 

150x3=450  150 

180x5=900  Ans.  3  mo.  22  days 

70X6=4,20  37 

30=1  mo. 


500        1,870 


1110 
100 

110 

100 


10     Fraction. 
Note. — ^If  a  fraction  remains  and  it  amounts  to  more  than  one- half  the  Divisor,  you  should  include  it  qb 
one  day,  if  less,  it  should  not  be  included  in  the  time. 

Example  II. 
Rule. — Multiply  each  respective  sum  by  the  time  intervening  between  the 
date  of  the  first  amount  falling  due,  and  the  date  on  which  each  sum  falls  due. 
Then  divide  the  products  by  the  whole  amount  of  debt  and  the  quotient  icill  be  the 
averaged  time  of  payment,  to  be  counted,  forward,  from  the  date  of  the  first 
amount  falling  due. 

A.  owes  B.  $1,200,  as  per  account,  purchased  at  different  dates  and  on  different 
lime  of  credit ;  as  below  stated.  He  wishes  to  make  one  payment  of  the  whole 
debt.     When,  per  average,  will  it  become  due  ? 

Statement  from  book  account. 

Amount.  Time  of  Cr.  Due. 

$200  -  3  months.         -         April    10. 

100  -  2     do.  -         March  20. 

400  -  4     do.  -         June       6. 

500  -  6     do.  -        Aug.       5. 

The  statement  arranged  as  an  Equation. 

Days*  Product 

X  00  0000 

X  21  4200 

X  78  31200 

X  138  69000 


Date  of  purchase. 

January  10 

- 

20 

. 

February  6 

- 

March      5 

. 

The  stal 

Due. 

March  20 

$ioot 

April     10 

200 

June        6 

400 

Aug.        5 

500 

1,200  1200)104400(87  days.  Ans. 

The  payment  is  to  be  made  in  87  days  from   March  20th,  which  will  be  on 
the  15th  day  of  June. 

•Note. — It  is  preferable  in  these  calculaiione,  as  you  are  thereby  less  liable  to  error,  to  state  the  time  iq 
days. 

tNoTE. — As  you  take  March  20th  as  the  date  from  which  to  make  up  the  intervening  time  of  the  remain- 
ing amounts  before  due;  and  as  there  is  no  prolongation  of  time  from  that  date  before  payment  of  this  sum 
of  SlOO;  it  has  no  number  to  be  multiplied  into.  But  if  you  were  to  take  a  date  anterior  to  IVIarrii  20th,  pay 
March  lOlh,  you  would  have  to  multiply  this  $100  by  10,  and  count  your  time  for  the  other  sums  from  the 
same  date.  The  best  method  is  to  go  according  to  the  manner  of  the  above  illustration,  and  take  as  the  day 
from  whence  to  obtain  the  time  for  multiplyers,  tiie  date  on  which  the  first  payment  falls  due. 

You  will  perhaps  see  the  propriety  of  this  rule  more  clearly  by  the  following  illustration  : 

A.  buys  of  B.  100  barrels  of  Flour,  at  86  per  barrel  =  $600.  One-third  is  to  be  paid  down  ;  one-third  in 
one  day,  and  the  remaining  third  in  two  days.  Subsequently  it  is  concluded  to  make  an  average  payment 
of  the  whole  sum.    When  must  B.  receive  his  money  ? 

On  S200  there  is  no  credit.  ^ 

"     200  ><  1  =  200  A  credit  of  one  day.     >  as  per  agreement. 
"     200  X  2  =  400  A  credit  of  two  days.  ) 

600  -  -  -  )600(1  day.  Ans. 

[  183  ] 


COMMERCIAL  CALCULATIONS. 

One  day  is  the  equated  time  of  payment  for  the  whole  sum.  It  is  evident  then  that  A  pays  3200  one 
day  later  Uian  first  agreed ;  8200  on  the  day  of  agreement,  and  8200  one  day  earlier  than  first  agreed. 

COMPOUND  EQUATION. 

By  compound  emiation  we  ascertain  the  time  on  which  the  balance  of  an  account,  that  contains  debits 
and  credits,  becomes  due;  iiaving  first  learned  by  simple  equation  when  the  debit  and  credit  of  said  accoun* 
falls  due,  as  per  average  without  regard  to  their  relation  to  each  other. 

Rule. — 1st.  Multiply  the  number  of  days  between  the  dates  of  eqxjated  time, 
into  the  smallest  amount.  Then  divide  the  product  thus  obtained,  by  the  difference 
between  the  debit  and  credit  {balance)  of  the  account,  and  the  quotient  will  be  the 
time  required  fo->-  calculation. 

2d.  If  the  earliest  date  is  affixed  to  the  largest  amount,  the  time  is  counted 
BACK  from  the  earliest  date ;  but  if  the  latest  date  be  affixed  to  the  largest 
amount,  the  time  is  counted  forward  from  the  last  date ;  which  is  the  day  the 
balance  of  the  account  becomes  due. 

Dr.  O.  P.  Q.  Cr. 

Due  July  Isl.  $500  $600  Due  August  1st. 

Note.— The  time  of  equated  payment  here  stated  you  find,  as  exemplified  in  the  preceeding  formulas  ir 
ample  equations. 

From  July  1st  to  August  1st  is  31  days. 
Amt.  ofCr.  600  Bal.  Days.         Smallest  amount 

500  100  31  500 

500 

Balance         100  


1.00)155.00 


155 

155  days  added  to  August  1st  gives  the  equated  time  of  paying  the  balance 
of  account  ($100)  on  the  3d  day  of  January  next  ensuing. 

The  following  is  the  same  equation  reversed  in  its  amounts,  by  aflSxing  the 
largest  sum  to  the  earliest  date  and  the  smallest  sum  to  the  latest  date. 

Dr.  0.  P.  Q.  Cr. 

Due  July  1st  $600  500  Due  August  1st. 

From  July  1st  to  August  1st  is  31  days. 
Amt.  of  Dr.  600  Bal.  Days.         Smallest  amount 

Cr.  500  100  31  500 

500 

Balance         100  


1.00)155.00 


155 

155  days  counted  back  from  July  Ist,  gives  the  equated  time,  January  26. 

The  preceding  equation  of  Payments  are  correct  enough  for  common  use.  They  are  an  exemplification 
of  those  rules  of  daily  practiceamong  the  best  Accountants.  Nevertheless,  if  you  would  be  very  nice  upon  this 
point  it  requires  some  more  figuring  and  care  on  making  up  the  exact  result.  For  instance,  if  I  owe  a  man 
81000,  and  S500  of  which  is  to  be  paid  down,  and  the  other  S500  in  two  years :  the  equated  time  of  paying 
both  sums  would  be  one  year.  It  is  evident,  by  deferring  the  payment  of  the  first  $500  for  one  year,  I  ough"t 
to  allow  interest  on  the  same ;  which,  at  6  per  cent.,  would,  with  the  principle,  amount  to  8530.  For  the 
Other  $500,  wliich  I  pay  one  year  before  it  is  due,  I  ought  not  to  pay  as  much  by  the  difference  between  $500 
and  that  sum  at  interest,  which  will  produce  $500  at  the  end  of  one  year;  which  is  $471.69ii*.  Not  regarding 
fractions,  $530 _f-$471.70  =  $1,001.70,  the  more  exact  sum  which  ought  to  be  paid.  But  by  equation  of  pay- 
ment I  would  only  pay  $1,000.  Thus  you  see,  if  you  would  be  more  nice  in  these  calculations,  yon  must 
ascertain  the  interest  on  all  sums  from  the  time  they  became  due  until  the  time  of  payment ;  and  the  present 
■worth  of  all  suras  paid  before  they  are  due. 

r  184 1 


COMMERCIAL  CALCULATIONS. 

MEASUREMENTS. 

Example  I. 
To  measure  loads  of  wood. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  height  by  the  length,  and  the  product  by  the  depth,  thu 
gives  the  solid  feet ;  of  which  1 28  make  a  cord,  aud  64  half  a  cord. 

Note, — Wood  is  now  most  generally  cut  but  two  feet  long ;  of  which  a  pile  8  feet  long  and  4  feet  high  ia 
sold  as  a  cord,  although  it  measures  but  half  a  cord. 

Required  the  content  of  a  load  of  wood  measuring  8  feet  long,  5  feet  high  and 
4  feet  wide  ? 

8x5X4  =  lG0-f-128=l^.  Ans.  One  cord  and  a  quarter  of  four  feet  wood,  or 
two  cords  and  a  half  of  two  feet  wood ;  as  commonly  sold. 

Example  II. 

To  find  the  contents  of  a  board,  &c. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  length  of  the  board,  in  feet,  by  its  breadth  in  inches^ 
divide  the  product  by  12,  and  the  quotient  is  the  contents  in  square  feet. 

Required  the  contents  of  a  board  19  feet  long,  and  18  inches  wide  ? 
19X18=342-^12=28^  feet.     Ans. 

Note.— In  measuring  plank,  joist,  and  the  like,  they  are  reduced  to  what  is  called  board  measure,  that  isi 
one  inch  stuff,  by  multiplying  the  thickness  into  the  breadth,  and  then  proceed  as  in  the  above  rule. 

Required  the  contents  of  a  plank  2^  inches  thick,  12  inches  wide,  and  18  feet 
long,  board  measure  1 

12X2^X18=540^12=45  feet.     Ans. 

Note.— To  find  the  area  of  a  square  multiply  the  length  by  the  breadth. 

How  many  square  feet  are  contained  in  the  plaster  or  wall  of  a  room  which 
measures  20  feet  by  35  feet  ? 

35X20=700  feet.  Ans. 

Example  III. 
To  measure  square  timber  or  other  solids. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  breadth  by  the  depth,  or  thickness,  and  that  product  by 
the  length,  and  you  have  the  solid  content. 

Required  the  content  of  a  piece  of  timber  18  feet  long,  2  feet  thick,  and  3  feet 
broad?  2x3x18=108.    Ans. 

Note. — In  measuring  timber,  if  you  take  the  depth  and  breadth  in  inches  and  the  length  in  feet ;  you 
must  divide  by  144. 

Required  the  number  of  solid  feet  or  yards  in  a  cellar,  to  be  dug,  that  shall 
measure  26  feet  wide,  40  feet  long,  and  11  feet  deep? 

26X11X40=11440  feet-r 27=  423^  yds.     Ans. 

Example  IV. 
To  measure  round  timber. 

Rule  — Multiply  the  length  of  the  stick,  taken  in  feet,  by  the  square  of  \  the 
circumference,  taken  vn ''inches ;  divide  this  product  by  144,  and  the  quotient  is 
the  measurement  in  cubic  feet. 

Required  the  contents  of  a  log  60  feet  long,  that  girts  160  inches  ? 
]60-r4=40x40=1600X60=96000-M44=666f  feet.     Ans. 

Note.— In  measuring  round  timber  the  girt  should  be  taken  about  ^  the  length  of  the  stick  from  thj 
larger  end. 

Y  r  185  ] 


COMMERCIAL  CALCULATIONS. 

Example  V. 

Tonnage  of  vessels. 

Government  Rule. — "If  the  vessel  he  double-decked,  take  the  length  there- 
of Jrom  the  fore  part  of  the  main  stem  to  the  after  part  of  the  stern-post  above  the 
ipper  deck;  the  breadth  thereof  at  the  broadest  part  above  the  main  wales,  half  of 
tuhich  breadth  shall  he  accounted  the  depth  of  such  vessel,  and  then  deduct  from 
the  length  f  of  the  breadth ;  multiply  the  remainder  by  the  breadth,  and  the  pro- 
duct by  the  depth,  and  divide  this  last  product  by  95,  the  quotient  whereof  shall 
he  deemed  the  true  contents  or  tonnage  of  such  ship  or  vessel ;  and  if  such  ship  or 
vessel  be  single-decked,  take  the  length  and  breadth,  as  above  directed,  deduct 
from  the  said  length  f  of  the  breadth,  and  take  the  depth  from  the  under  side  of 
the  deck-plank  to  the  ceiling  in  the  hold,  and  then  multiply  and  divide  as  afore- 
said, and  the  quotient  shall  be  deemed  the  tonnage." 

1st.  Required  the  tonnage  of  a  single-decked  vessel,  whose  length  is  80  feet, 
breadth  30,  and  depth  in  the  hold  10  feet  ? 

I  of  30  is=18  80-18=62X30X10x18600^95=195^1  tons.     Ans. 

2d.  Required  the  tonnage  of  a  double  decked-vessel,  whose  length  is  160,  and 
breadth  40  feet  ? 

Depth,  ^  of  40=20  160-24=136x40X20=108800-r-95=1145iV  Ans. 
I  of  40=24. 


CUSTOM  HOUSE  DUTIES  AND  ALLOWANCES 

On  most  articles  of  commerce  imported  into  the  United  States  there  is  a  per 
cent,  duty  affixed  by  act  of  Congress,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  a  revenue  to  meet 
the  exigencies  of  the  government.  But  as  these  stipulated  duties  are  subject  to  the 
caprice  of  every  wily  politician,  we  will  not  introduce  them  here,  however  desir- 
able to  many,  as  the  information  therein  contained  could  not  be  relied  upon  for 
correctness  of  statement  for  any  great  length  of  time. 

The  allowances  for  Tare  and  Tret  not  being  subject  to  the  same  caprices  as 
the  Duties,  may  be  stated,  and  can  be  relied  upon  as  generally  correct. 

TARE. 

This  is  an  allowance  made  by  the  Custom-House  for  the  actual  or  supposed 
weight  of  the  box,  case,  cask  or  bag  in  which  the  article  of  merchandise  is  enveloped. 
The  wholesale  merchant  on  disposing  of  his  goods  usually  allows  the  same  per 
cent.  When  the  law  has  not  established  the  per  cent,  to  be  allowed,  as  in  the  fol 
lowing  table,  on  an  article,  the  officers  of  customs  usually  deduct  what  they  deem 
to  be  correct,  in  justice  to  the  importer.  The  rate  per  cent,  to  be  deducted  varies 
according  to  the  peculiar  material  or  style  of  envelope. 

Per  cent. 
....  -  15 

-  1  to  10 

-  2  to  12 
2  to  6 

10 

-  10  to  20 
.    13  to  18 

12 
.      5  to  10 

f  186  V 


Per  cent. 

Almonds,               ... 

3 

Cloves, 

Alum,                     ... 

12 

Cocoa, 

Bristles,       -           -           .           . 

-    12  to  14 

Coffee, 

Beef,  jerked,  112  lbs.  per  hhd. 

Cotton, 

"        "        70        per  drum. 

Chocolate, 

Cordage,     -           -           -          . 

1| 

Cheese, 

Camphor,   -           -           .            - 
Candles,     - 

-    30  to  36 

Corks, 

-      8  to  20 

Currants, 

Cinnamoi^             ... 

-      8  to  12 

Candy, 

COMMERCIAL  CALCULATIONS. 


Copperas,  - 

Frails, 

Figs, 

Glue, 

Indigo, 

Looking-glasseB, 

Mace, 

Nutmegs,   - 

Narls, 

Ochre, 

Pepper, 

Pimento,    - 


Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

12 

Raisins, 

-      5  to  12 

5 

Sugar,       -           -           . 

5  to  30 

10  to  16 

Soap,          ... 

-    10  to  12 

5  to   8 

Salts,          .           -           - 

-      6  to  10 

5  to  20 

Shot, 

3 

25  to  30 

Steel,  2  lbs.  per  bundle. 

33 

"    60  lbs.  per  case. 

12 

Tea  from  14  to  22  lbs.  per  chest. 

8 

Tallow,      .... 

10  to  12 

12 

Twine,        -           - 

12 

2  to  12 

Wool,         .... 

3  to   5 

3  to  15 

TRET  OR  DRAFT. 

This  is  an  allowance  on  the  gross  weight  for  waste,  and  is  deducted  before  an 
allowance  is  made  for  Tare. 

lbs 
4 
7 
9 

MEASURES. 

The  measures,  long,  dry,  and  liquid,  used  in  the  United  Stales  and  Texas,  are 
the  same  or  nearly  the  same  of  those  used  in  Great  Britain  and  her  Provinces  ;  and 
differ  from  all  other  nations. 


•     lbs. 

On  1  cwt. 

1 

From  3  to  10  cwt 

From  1  to  2  cwt. 

2 

"  10  to  18     " 

"     2  to  3    " 

3 

Over  18 

TABLE  OF  COINS. 

Showing  their  relative  value  in  the  LTnited  States,  according  to  the  laws  of 
May  and  June,  1834. 


UNITED  STATES. 

Eagle  coined  before  July  31,  1834, 

Shares  in  proportion. 

Eagles  coined  since  July  31,  1834, 

FOREIGN   GOLD. 

AUSTRIAN  DOMINIONS 
Souverein, 
Double  Ducat, 
Hungarian  Ducat, 

BAVARIA. 
Carolin, 

Max  d'or,  or  Maximilian, 
Ducat, 

BERNE. 
Ducat, 
Pistole, 

BRAZIL. 
Dobraon, 
Dobra, 

Johannes,  -^  in  proportion, 
Moidore.     '•  " 

Crusade, 

BRUNSWICK. 
Pistole,  double  in  proportion. 
Ducat, 


D.  C.  M. 
10.  66,  5 

10. 


3.  37,  7 

4.  58,  9 
2.  29,  6 

4.  95,  7 
.3.  31,  8 
2.  27,  5 

1.  98,  6 

5.  54,  2 

32.  70,  6 
17.  30,  1 
17.  06,  4 

6.  sr,,  7 
63,  5 

4.  54,  8 

2.  23 


Ducat, 

Doubloons, 

Ducat,  current, 
Ducat,  specie, 
Christian,  d'or, 


CLOGNE. 
COLUMBA. 
DENMARK 

EAST  INDIES. 


D.  C.  M 

2.  26,  7 

16.  63,  6 

1.  81,  2 

2.  26,  7 
4.  02,  1 


r  is^  ] 


Rupee,  Bombay,  1818,  7.  09,  6 

Rupee,  Madras,  1818,  7.  11 

Pogoda,  star,  1.  79,  8 

ENGLAND. 

Guinea,  ^  in  proportion,  5.  07,  5 

Sovereign,  4.  84,  6 

Seven  shilling  piece,  1.  69,  8 

FRANCE. 

Double  Louis  coined  before  1786,  9.  69,  7 

Louis,                   "         "         "  4.  84,  6 

Double  Louis,  coined  since  1786,  5.  16,  3 

Louis,                   "         "        "  4.  B7,  6 

Double  Napoleon,  or  40  francs,  7.  70,  2 

Napoleon,  or            20     "  3.  85,  1 

FRANKFORT  ON  THE  MAINE. 

Ducat,  2.  27,  9 


COMMERCIAL  CALCULATIONS. 


D.  C.  M. 

D.  a  M 

GENEVA. 

Old  Crusado  of  1400  rees. 

58,  5 

Pistole,  Old, 

3.  98,  5 

New  Crusado  of  1480  rees, 

63,  5 

Pistole,  new, 

3.  44,  4 

Milrea,  coined  in  1775, 

78, 

GENOA. 

RUSSIA. 

Sequin, 

2.  30,  2 

Ducat,  1748, 

2.  27,  9 

HAMBURG. 

"      1787, 

2.  26,  7 

Ducat,  double  in  proportion, 

2.  27.  9 

Frederick,  double,  1769, 

7.  95,  5 

HANOVER, 

"             "        1800, 

7.  95,  1 

Double  Greo.  d'or,  single  in  pro. 

7.  87,  9 

"         single,  1778, 

3.  99,  7 

Ducat, 

2.  29,  6 

"            "        1800, 

3.  97,  5 

Gold  florin,  double  in  pro. 

1.  67 

Imperial,                 1801, 

7.  82,  9 

HOLLAND. 

ROME. 

Double  Ryder, 

12.  20,  5 

Sequin,  coined  since  1760, 

2.  25,  1 

Ryder, 

6.  04,  3 

Scudo  of  republic. 

15.  81,  I 

Ducat, 

2.  27,  5 

SARDINIA. 

Ten  Guilder-piece, 

4.  03,  4 

Carlino,                                    '" 

9.  47,  2 

MALTA. 

SAXONY. 

Double  Louis, 

9.  27,  8 

Ducat,  1784, 

2.  26,  7 

Louis, 

4.  85,  2 

"     1797, 

2.  27,  9 

Demi  Louis, 

2.  33,  6 

Augustus,  1754, 

3.  92,  5 

MEXICO. 

1784, 

3.  97,  4 

Doubloons, 

15.  53,  5 

SICILY. 

MILAN. 

Ounce,  1751, 

2.  50,  4 

Seguin, 

2.  29 

Double  Ounce,  1758, 

5.  04,  4 

Doppia,  or  Pistole, 

3.  80,  7 

SPAIN. 

Forty  Livre  Piece,  1808, 

7.  74,  2 

Doubloons,  1772,  parts  in  pro. 

16.  02,  8 

NAPLES. 

Doubloon, 

15.  53,  5 

Six  Ducat  piece,  1783, 

5.  24,  9 

Pistole, 

3.  88,  4 

Two    "        "     or  Sequin,  1762, 

1.  59,  1 

Cornilla,  1801, 

98,  3 

Three  "        "     or  Oncetta,  1818, 

2.  49 

SWEDEN. 

NETHERLANDS. 

Ducat, 

2.  23,  5 

Gold-Lion,  or  14  Florence  piece, 

5.  04,  6 

SWITZERLAND. 

Ten  Florence  piece,  1820, 

PARMA. 
Quadruple  pistole,  double  in  pro. 

4.  01,  9 

Pistole  of  the  Helvetic  Republic,  1800, 

4.  56 

16.  62,  8 

TREVES. 

Pistole  or  dappia,  1787, 

4.  19,  4 

Ducat, 

2.  26,  T 

1796, 

4.  13,  5 

TURKEY. 

Maria  Theresa,  1818, 

3.  86,  1 

Sequin,  1773, 

1.  86,  8 

PIEDMONT. 

"      1789, 

1.  84,  8 

Pistole,  coined  since  1785, 

5.  41,  1 

Half  Missier,  1818, 

52,  1 

Sequin,  ^  in  proportion, 

2.  28 

Sequin  Fonducli, 

1.  83 

Carolino,  coined  since  1785, 

27.  34 

TUSCANY. 

Marengo,  a  piece  of  20  francs, 

3.  86,  4 

Sequin  or  Zechivo, 

2.  31,  8 

POLAND. 

Respone  of  Etruria, 

6.  93,  8 

Ducat, 

2.  27,  5 

VENICE. 

PORTUGAL. 

Sequin  or  Zechino, 

2.  31 

Dabraon, 

32.  70,  6 

WIRTEMBURG. 

Dabra, 

17.  30,  1 

Carolin, 

4.  89,  8 

Johannes, 

17.  06,  4 

Ducat, 

2.  23,  5 

Moidore, 

6.  55,  7 

ZURICH. 

Piece  of  1600  rees, 

2.  12,  1 

Double  Ducat,  shares  in  pro. 

2.  26,  7 

[  188  1 


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